Figure 1
Location of the cork oak forest ‘Brabtia’ and the study stations (Diaf et al. 2019). ND – non-degraded station, D – degraded station
Table 1
Soil physicochemical properties of Quercus suber rhizosphere soil in the two stations
| Station | pH | OM (%) | N % | P (mg/kg) | K total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ND | 5.95a | 3.50a | 0.31a | 6.80b | 21.17b |
| D | 5.88a | 2.00b | 0.27a | 4.60a | 11.27a |
[i] Note: ND – non-degraded station; D – degraded station; OM – organic matter; N – nitrogen; P – phosphorus; K – potassium.
Figure 2
Rate of EcM colonization of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) and Cistus (Cistus monspeliensis L.). Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments according to Tukey's HSD test (P < 0.05). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. COND: cork oak in non-degraded station, COD: cork oak in degraded station, CIND: Cistus in non-degraded station, CID: Cistus in degraded station, EcM: ectomycorrhizal, HSD: honestly significant difference
Figure 3
Mycorrhizal intensity (M%) of the root system of Quercus suber, Cistus monspeliensis, Lavendula stoechas and Thymus vulgaris in the two stations. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments according to Tukey's HSD test (P < 0.05). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
COND: cork oak in the non-degraded station; COD: cork oak in the degraded station; CIND: Cistus in the non-degraded station, CID: Cistus in the degraded station, LD: lavender in the degraded station; TND: thyme in the non-degraded station, TD: thyme in the degraded station, HSD: honestly significant difference
Figure 4
The number of AM propagules per kilogram of soil in the degraded and the non-degraded stations
Figure 5
The total number of the fungal diversity of spores of the four rhizospheres in the degraded and the non-degraded stations
Table 2
Frequency of morphotypes of spores in the four rhizospheres
| Fractions | Spores collected from | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Quercus suber rhizosphere | |||
| 250 μm 50 μm | Glomus sp. 1 +++ | Glomus constrictum +++ | Glomus sp. 2 +++ |
| Lavandula stoechas rhizosphere | |||
| 250 μm 50 μm | Gigaspora sp.1 +++ | Glomus sp. 2 ++ | Glomus sp. 3 + |
| Thymus vulgaris rhizosphere | |||
| 250 μm 50 μm | Glomus sp. 4 ++ | Glomus sp. 3 + | Gigaspora sp. 1 ++ |
| Cistus monspeliensis rhizosphere | |||
| 250 μm 50 μm | Glomus mosseae +++ | Glomus sp. 3 ++ | Glomus sp. 4 ++ |
[i] Note: + present, ++ abundant, +++ highly abundant.