Figure 1
Macro-signs of bacterial wetwood disease in Abies alba:A – cracks and exudate on rhytidome; B – ulcer formed with exposed secondary phloem and wound meristem (callus); C – wet base of the trunk; D1 – dieback of epicormic shoots; D2 – settlement of secondary pathogens
Figure 2
Wet ulcer on the trunk, under the bark of which dark brown affected areas of wood were found against the background of healthy light-coloured wood – A and affected (as if burned) vessels of the sapwood part of the knot – B
Figure 3
Bacterial colonies on potato agar isolated from common silver fir
Figure 4
Colonies of the collection strain Erwinia nimipressuralis 8791 on potato agar
Figure 5
Cells of the causative agent of bacterial wetwood disease of common silver fir under a light microscope
Table 1
Physiological and biochemical properties of isolates fromwooden samples of fir (affection of type a) by using the TNEFERMtest24 MikroLaTEST®, ErbaLachema test system
| Symbol | Test | Isolates from fir (4) |
|---|---|---|
| OXI | Oxidase | + |
| URE | Urease | + |
| ARG | Arginine | + |
| ORN | Ornithine | + |
| LYS | Lysine | − |
| AAM | Acetamide | + |
| βGL | β-Glucosidase | + |
| NAG | N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamididase | − |
| SCI | Simpson citrate | + |
| LAC | Lactose | − |
| MAN | Mannitol | + |
| TRE | Trehalose | + |
| XYL | Xylose | + |
| ARA | Arabinose | + |
| αGA | α-Galactosidase | − |
| βGA | β-Galactosidase | − |
| MAL | Malonate | + |
| GAL | Galactose | + |
| MLT | Maltose | − |
| CEL | Cellobiose | + |
| SUC | Saccharose | + |
| INO | Inositol | − |
| γGT | γ-Glutamyl transferase | + |
| PHS | Phosphatase | + |
| ESL | Esculin | + |
| Glucose (anaerobic) | − |
Figure 6
Characteristics of F5 isolate which were determined by using the NEFERMtest24 MikroLaTE test system
Figure 7
Growth of bacterial isolates on glucose medium (anaerobic) using the NEFERMtest24 MikroLaTEST®, ErbaLachema test system
Table 2
Physiological and biochemical properties of fir isolates (affection of type a, Fig. 2) (test system API 20 E)
| Tests | Bacterial isolates |
|---|---|
| Yellow pigment | − |
| Reduction of nitrates | + |
| Formation of H2S | − |
| Formation of indole | − |
| β-galactosidase | − |
| Arginine dehydrolase | + |
| Lysine decarboxylase | + |
| Ornithine decarboxylase | + |
| The use of citrate | + |
| Urease | − |
| Tryptophan deaminase | + |
| Voges–Proskauer reaction | + |
| Gelatinase | + |
| The use of glucose (anaerobic) | − |
| Mannitol, inositol, sorbitol, rhamnose, saccharose | − |
| Melibiose, amygdalin, arabinose | − |
Table 3
Morphological and biochemical properties of isolates from fir
| Tests | Bacterial isolates | Erwinia nimipressuralis 8791 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Gram's staining | − | − |
| Yellow pigment | − | − |
| Oxidase | − | − |
| Reduction of nitrates | + | + |
| Formation of H2S | − | − |
| Formation of indole | − | − |
| β-Galactosidase | + | + |
| Arginine dehydrolase | − | − |
| Lysine decarboxylase | − | − |
| Ornithine decarboxylase | + | + |
| The use of citrate | + | + |
| Urease | − | − |
| Tryptophan deaminase | + | + |
| Voges–Proskauer reaction | + | + |
| Gelatinase | − | − |
| Pectinase activity | − | − |
| The use of: Glucose (anaerobic) | + | + |
| Mannitol | + | + |
| Inositol | − | − |
| Sorbitol | − | − |
| Rhamnose | + | + |
| Melibiose | + | + |
| Amygdalin | + | + |
| Arabinose | + | + |
[i] Note: + presence of properties, − absence of properties, n/d − no data.
Figure 8
Characteristics of isolate 11 using API 20E test system