Bioindication of megalopolis park ecosystems under aerotechnogenic loading

Index	H_str	W	Ic	Inv	Concentration NO_x, mg/m³	HI
Very good	>2.47	9.26–12.00	1.00–1.50	>8.67	<0.020	<1.060
Good	2.21–2.46	6.51–9.25	1.51–2.50	5.79–8.67	0.021–0.040	1.061–2.121
Satisfactory	1.97–2.20	3.76–6.50	2.51–3.50	2.90–5.78	0.041–0.060	2.122–3.181
Bad	<1.96	1.0–3.75	3.51–4.50	<2.89	0.061–0.08	3.182–4.242
Very bad	–	–	4.51–6.00	–	>0.081	>4.242

Table 2

Integral assessment of the studied park ecosystems state in Kyiv

Assessment indicators/No. PE	1	2	3	5	6	7	9	10	12	14	15	16	17	18	19c	20c
Park area [ha]	19.5	8.9	6.5	11.7	130.0	137.0	120.0	66.1	112.0	18.4	11.7	150.0	13.9	4525.5	–	–
Canopy density (P)	0.70	0.50	0.82	0.53	0.90	0.70	0.64	0.52	0.50	0.81	0.80	0.77	0.41	0.95	–	–
Index of stand state (I_s)	2.2	2.03	1.9	2.5	1.96	2.4	1.95	2.4	2.3	1.7	2.37	2.25	2.19	1.99	–	–
Sanitary condition of plantations	weakened	weakened	weakened	severely weakened	weakened	weakened	weakened	weakened	weakened	weakened	weakened	weakened	weakened	weakened	–	–
Mortality of trees (Mt) [%]	19.84	20.83	10.81	35.80	40.20	18.59	11.90	30.70	10.53	25.00	9.77	35.71	9.46	10.7	–	–
Species saturation of grass tier, pieces/ha (L)	92.86	42.50	67.57	202.27	55.88	34.62	117.86	171.05	126.32	42.31	39.66	80.43	3.24	30.3	–	–
Nitrophils in grass tier (Nt) [%]	51.43	56.25	65.22	41.46	64.71	50.00	42.86	43.28	46.81	52.38	63.64	58.97	53.49	50.00	–	–
H′	2.86	1.97	2.51	3.60	2.01	2.23	2.15	3.30	3.11	2.37	2.46	3.07	3.65	2.22	–	–
W	2.6	2.3	3.1	4.25	6.5	4.8	4.8	3.5	3.8	1.5	7.19	5.63	1.25	5.50	–	–
State of ecosystems by W	CD	CD	CD	TC	vulnerable	TC	TC	CD	CD	CD	vulnerable	TC	CD	TC	–	–
H_str	1.94	1.75	1.93	1.93	2.07	1.94	1.72	1.93	2.06	1.98	2.02	1.96	1.46	1.81	–	–
Characteristic by H_str	bad	STF	bad	bad	STF	bad	STF	bad	STF	STF	STF	bad	bad	bad	–	–
Inv	2.29	1.98	3.15	3.28	6.86	3.88	4.23	2.81	3.40	1.75	6.13	4.90	5.00	5.00	–	–
Characteristic by Inv	bad	bad	STF	STF	good	STF	STF	good	STF	bad	good	STF	STF	STF
Distance to the road, m	10.0	0.5	393.0	1.0	50.0	0.2	0.2	0.2	330.0	0.2	0.2	540.0	150.0	238.0	0.2	0.2
Number of lanes in one direction (D)	4	2	4	1	3	3	4	3	3	2	3	3	3	3	3	3.5
Number of cars per hour	7161.0	2010.0	4605.0	859.5	6058.5	6058.5	7122.0	2356.5	1956.0	2314.5	4989.0	5085.0	3243.0	6058.5	3312.0	4315.0
Transport speed, km/h (Q_av)	51.43	39.89	63.01	34.62	72.40	73.50	61.71	42.92	37.89	39.89	49.50	62.61	36.00	73.50	36.29	54.88
C[mg/m³]	0.2155	0.0861	0.0966	0.0513	0.2109	0.2109	0.1343	0.1161	0.1042	0.0970	0.1763	0.1137	0.2074	0.2109	0.1130	0.1330

[i] Notes: PE numbers as in Fig. 1. Characteristics for H_str, W, Inv are according to Table 1. C– the total number of pollutants MACa.d. concentrations, mg/m³; CD – ecosystem in critical danger; TC – ecosystem in a threatening condition; STF – ecosystem in a satisfactory condition.

Table 3

Average daily content of air pollutants in the Kyiv park ecosystems

Contents [mg/m³/No. PE]	5	10	2	3	12	14	16	19c	9	20c	15	1	6	7	17	18	Average	HQ_i aver.	Share from MACa.d.
NO_x	0.0210	0.0475	0.0367	0.0378	0.0413	0.0420	0.0466	0.0468	0.0588	0.0550	0.0687	0.0901	0.08657	0.0866	0.0900	0.0866	0.0589	1.47	1.47
Load characteristics by N_Ox	good	STF	good	good	STF	STF	STF	STF	STF	STF	bad	very bad	very bad	very bad	very bad	very bad	–	–	–
C_nH_m	0.0283	0.0644	0.0469	0.0555	0.0591	0.0523	0.0621	0.0617	0.0699	0.0739	0.1017	0.1189	0.11454	0.1145	0.1066	0.1145	0.0778	0.08	1.560
Soot (C_nH)	0.0002	0.0003	0.0001	0.0002	0.0003	0.0001	0.0005	0.0004	0.0005	0.0002	0.0004	0.0003	0.00110	0.0011	0.0012	0.0011	0.0005	0.01	0.010
SO₂	0.0014	0.0030	0.0018	0.0024	0.0028	0.0020	0.0036	0.0032	0.0040	0.0030	0.0043	0.0047	0.00705	0.0071	0.0077	0.0071	0.0041	0.08	0.081
Formaldehyde	0.0002	0.0004	0.0002	0.0003	0.0004	0.0002	0.0005	0.0005	0.0006	0.0004	0.0006	0.0006	0.00103	0.0010	0.0013	0.0010	0.0006	0.20	0.192
Lead compounds	0.0002	0.0004	0.0004	0.0003	0.0003	0.0004	0.0003	0.0004	0.0005	0.0005	0.0006	0.0008	0.00060	0.0006	0.0006	0.0006	0.0005	1.58	1.560
Sum	0.0513	0.1161	0.0861	0.0966	0.1042	0.0970	0.1137	0.1130	0.1343	0.1330	0.1763	0.2155	0.21090	0.2109	0.2074	0.2109	0.1423	–	–
HI	1.243	2.838	2.261	2.247	2.422	2.591	2.620	2.732	3.446	3.347	4.072	5.490	4.787	4.787	5.010	4.787	–	–	–
Characteristic by HI	good	STF	STF	STF	STF	STF	STF	STF	bad	bad	bad	very bad	very bad	very bad	very bad	very bad	–	–	–

[i] Notes: denotement as in Fig. 1. PEs are arranged in order of increasing HI. STF denotes satisfactory condition; characteristics of air load (NOx, HI) are according to Table 1. Exceeding MACa.d. for humans and high load characteristics by NOx was in bold.

Table 4

Assessment of air quality in Kyiv

Air pollutants	Actual average annual concentrations for 2019¹ [mg/m³]	The average daily concentration, our calculations [mg/m³]	MACa.d. [mg/m³] for humans²	MACa.d.³ for plants
NO_x converted to NO₂	0.14400	0.0570	0.0400	0.020
SO₂	0.07500	0.0039	0.0500	0.015
Formaldehyde	0.00560	0.0006	0.0030	0.003
Saturated hydrocarbons (C_nH_m)	–	0.0754	0.0500	0.140
Soot (C_nH)	0.03500	0.0005	0.0500	0.050
Inorganic lead compounds	0.00003	0.0005	0.0003	–

Notes:

1 Ecological passport (2020),

2 Order of the Ukraine ministry (2020),

3 according to Furdychko et al. (2008).

Assessment of the PE state compared to control (PE 5 – Pushcha-Vodytsya park)

Table 5

Correlation of the investigated PE parameters

	P	I_s	Mt	L	Nt	W	H_str	Inv	D	Number of cars per hour	C [mg/m³]	HI
P	1
I_s	−0.46	1
Mt	0.09	0.13	1
L	−0.37	0.46	0.41	1
Nt	0.52	−0.33	−0.01	−0.62	1
W	0.54	0.27	0.18	0.05	0.25	1
H_str	0.46	0.13	0.40	0.31	0.21	0.48	1
Inv	0.38	0.12	0.03	−0.30	0.42	0.75	0.03	1
D	0.26	−0.21	−0.46	−0.21	0.24	0.12	−0.06	0.20	1
Number of cars per hour	0.59	−0.21	−0.19	−0.36	0.27	0.45	0.02	0.44	0.75	1
C [mg/m³]	0.34	0.00	−0.24	−0.58	0.23	0.26	−0.16	0.54	0.49	0.72	1
HI	0.29	−0.04	−0.26	−0.57	0.19	0.16	–0.21	0.45	0.51	0.72	0.99	1

[i] Note: medium and strong correlations are highlighted.

Amount of air pollutants’ emissions (mg/m³) from vehicles and distribution by prevailing wind directions,%

HI of air pollutants from vehicles (HI – hazard index)

Clustering of PE in Kyiv by concentrations of air pollutants. A – NO_x concentration in the air, mg/m³; B – concentration of SO₂ in the air, mg/m³

Clustering of PEs according to the parameters of air pollutants: A – cars per hour and B – HI (PE – park ecosystem, HI – hazard index)

PCA using integrated indices for the PE state(PCA – principal component analysis, PE – park ecosystem)

Table 6

Sterility of Taraxacum officinale pollen in the conditions causing pollution in metropolis

No PE	Distance to the road [m]	Number of cars per hour	Pollen grains (pieces) M ± m	V [%]	Number of sterile pollen (pieces) M ± m	V [%]	Share of a sterile pollen (S) [%]	CID
5	238	860.0	1785 ± 8.86	34	236 ± 2.74	21	13.00	0.21
2	226	2010.0	1715 ± 9.26	33	342 ± 2.57	20	19.92	0.58
10	80	2357.0	1589 ± 6.68	28	344 ± 2.71	19	22.00	0.73
15	5	4989.0	1396 ± 11.26	44	361 ± 3.21	25	25.86	0.91
16	1000	5085.0	2035 ± 7.75	34	235 ± 4.53	27	11.55	0.17
7	143	6059.0	1506 ± 9.77	43	361 ± 3.27	24	23.97	0.86

[i] Notes: CID – conditional indicator of damage, PE – park ecosystem, V – coefficient of variation, M – average values of the sign, m is the mean error.

[ii] Mean values differ significantly in the Student's t-test (P < 0.05).

Pollen of *Taraxacum officinale* in the conditions of Kyiv: 1 – fertile pollen grain (38.2 μm); 2 – sterile pollen grain (24.8 μm); 3 – pollen gigantism (51.1 μm); 4 – pollen dwarfism (17.8 μm); 5 – anomalies of the shell (A – torn, B – crumpled)

Indices of pollen variability in Kyiv by *Taraxacum officinale* (PEs are arranged in ascending order of air pollutant concentration, mg/m³). Mean values differ significantly in the Student's t-test (P < 0.05) (HI – hazard index, PE – park ecosystem)

Table 7

Correlation of air pollution and pollen indication

	Distance to the road [m]	Number of cars per hour	V by amount of S [%]	S [%]	T [%]	CID	Inv	C [mg/m³]	HI
Distance to the road [m]	1.00
Number of cars per hour	0.21	1.00
V by amount of S [%]	0.57	0.80	1.00
S [%]	−0.78	0.36	−0.14	1.00
T [%]	−0.78	0.40	−0.11	0.99	1.00
CID	−0.75	0.41	−0.11	1.00	1.00	1.00
Inv	0.17	0.68	0.84	0.15	0.16	0.16	1.00
C [mg/m³]	−0.25	0.89	0.48	0.72	0.76	0.76	0.53	1.00
HI	−0.29	0.86	0.44	0.76	0.80	0.80	0.49	1.00	1.00

[i] Note. A strong correlation is highlighted. CID – conditional indicator of damage, HI – hazard index.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2022-0003 | Journal eISSN: 2199-5907 | Journal ISSN: 0071-6677

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Language: English

Page range: 15 - 37

Submitted on: Jun 23, 2021

Accepted on: Jan 28, 2022

Published on: Mar 11, 2022

Published by: Polish Academy of Sciences, Committee on Forest Sciences and Wood Technology and Forest Research Institute

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

air pollution,

green infrastructure,

traffic,

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© 2022 Nataliia Miroshnyk, Tetiana Grabovska, Marina Mazura, Igor Teslenko, published by Polish Academy of Sciences, Committee on Forest Sciences and Wood Technology and Forest Research Institute
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 64 (2022): Issue 1 (March 2022)

Bioindication of megalopolis park ecosystems under aerotechnogenic loading

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Figure 2

Table 5

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Table 6

Figure 9

Figure 10

Table 7

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