References
- Abrahamsson, M., Lindbladh, M. 2006. A comparison of saproxylic beetle occurrence between man-made high-and low-stumps of spruce (Picea abies). Forest Ecology and Management, 226, 230–237. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.04610.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.046
- Abrahamsson, M., Lindbladh, M., Rönnberg, J. 2008. Influence of butt rot on beetle diversity in artificially created high-stumps of Norway spruce. Forest Ecology and Management, 255, 3396–3403. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.01.01010.1016/j.foreco.2008.01.010
- Bake, A., Lekander, B. 1965. Studies on Hylobius abietis L. II. The influence of exposure on the development and production of Hylobius abietis, illustrated through one Norwegian and one Swedish experiment. Meddeleser fra det Norske Skogsforsøksvesen, 20, 117–135.
- Bejer-Petersen, B. 1975. Length of development and survival of Hylobius abietis as influenced by silvicultural exposure to sunlight. Arsskrift – den Kongelige Veterinaer og Landbohojskole, 111–120.
- Bentz, B.J. et al. 2010. Climate change and bark beetles of the Western United States and Canada: direct and indirect effects. BioScience, 60, 602–613. DOI: 10.1525/bio.2010.60.8.610.1525/bio.2010.60.8.6
- Brown, V.K., Gange, A.C. 1990. Insect herbivory below ground. Advances in Ecological Research, 20, 1–58. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60052-510.1016/S0065-2504(08)60052-5
- Cameron, A.C., Trivedi, P.K. 1998. Regression analysis of count data. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom.
- Caroll, A.L., Taylor, S.W., Régnière, J., Safranyik, L. 2003. Effects of climate change on range expansion by the mountain pine beetle in British Columbia. In: Mountain Pine Beetle Symposium: Challenges and Solutions (eds.: T.L. Shore, J.E. Brooks, J.E. Stone). Canadian Forest Service, Victoria, British Columbia, Information Report BC-X-399, 223–231.
- Coulson, S.J. et al. 1995. Thermal environments of Arctic soil organisms during winter. Arctic and Alpine Research, 27, 364–370. DOI: 10.1080/00040851.1995.1200313310.1080/00040851.1995.12003133
- Day, K.R, Nordlander, G., Kenis, M., Halldorson, G. 2004. General biology and life cycles of bark weevils. In: Bark and wood boring insects in living trees in Europe, a synthesis (eds.: F. Lieutier, K.R. Day, J.-C. Grégoire, H.F. Evans). Springer, Germany, 331–350.
- Elton, E.T.G., Blankwaardt, H.F.H., Burger, H.C., Steemers, W.F., Tichelman, L.G. 1964. Insect communities in barked and unbarked pine stumps, with special reference to the large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L., Col., Curculionidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 1, 1–54. DOI: 10.1111/j.14390418.1964.tb02961.x10.1111/j.14390418.1964.tb02961.x
- Evans, H.F., Moraal, L.G., Pajares, J.A. 2004. Biology, ecology and economic importance of Buprestidae and Cerambycidae. In: Bark and wood boring insects in living trees in Europe, a synthesis (eds.: F. Lieutier, K.R. Day, J.-C. Grégoire, H.F. Evans). Springer, Germany, 447–474.
- Faccoli, M. 2009. Effect of weather on Ips typographus (Coleoptera Curculionidae) phenology, voltinism, and associated spruce mortality in the Southeastern Alps. Environmental Entomology, 38, 307–316. DOI: 10.1603/022.038.020210.1603/022.038.0202
- Fossestøl, K.O., Sverdrup-Thygeson, A. 2009. Saproxylic beetles in high stumps and residual downed wood on clear-cuts and in forest edges. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 24, 403–416. DOI: 10.1080/0282758090314387110.1080/02827580903143871
- Gibson, K. et al. 2008. Mountain pine beetle impacts in high-elevation five-needle pines: current trends and challenges. USDA Forest Service Forest Health Protection, R1-08-020.
- Grodzki, W. 2007. The use of pheromone traps for the monitoring of Ips typographus (L.) populations in selected national parks in the Carpathians. Prace Instytutu Badawczego Leśnictwa. Rozprawy i Monografie, 8, 1–127.
- Hodkinson, I.D. 2005.Terrestrial insects along elevation gradients: species and community responses to altitude. Biological Reviews, 80, 489–513. DOI: 10.1017/S146479310500676710.1017/S1464793105006767
- Hoiss, B., Krauss, J., Potts, S.G., Roberts, S., SteffanDewenter, I. 2012. Altitude acts as an environmental filter on phylogenetic composition, traits and diversity in bee communities. Proceedings of Royal Society, B, 279, 4447–4456. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.158110.1098/rspb.2012.1581
- Idris, A.B., Nor, S.Md., Rohaida, R. 2002. Study on diversity of insect communities at different altitudes of Gunung Nuang in Selangor, Malaysia. Journal of Biological Sciences, 2, 505–507.
- Jonsell, M., Schroeder, M., Weslien, J. 2005. Saproxylic beetles in high stumps of spruce: Fungal flora important for determining the species composition. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 20, 54–62. DOI: 10.1080/0282758051000821110.1080/02827580510008211
- Jonsell, M., Weslien, J., Ehnoström, B. 1998. Substrate requirements for red listed saproxylic invertebrates in Sweden. Biodiversity and Conservation, 7, 749–764.10.1023/A:1008888319031
- Kosibowicz, M. 1987. Insects in spruce stumps in Forest District Węgierska Górka in Beskidy mountains. Master Thesis, Agricultural Academy in Cracow, Poland.
- Kronfuss, H., Havranek, W.M. 1999. Effects of elevation and wind on the growth of Pinus cembra L. in a subalpine afforestation. Phyton, 39, 99–106.
- Kudela, M. 1984. Influence of site temperature conditions on large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) population density. Sbornik Ústavu Aplikované Ekologie a Ekotechniky Vysoké, 1, 129–148.
- Kuziemska-Grzeczka, G. 1984. Studies on the development of the large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) (Col., Curculionidae) in different species of trees on sunny and shaded area (in Polish). Folia Forestalia Polonica, Seria A-Leśnictwo, 27, 49–57.
- Långström, B., Hellqvist, C. 1985. Pinus contorta as a potential host for Tomicus piniperda L. and T. minor (Hart.) (Col., Scolytinae) in Sweden. Zeitschrift Angewandte Entomologie, 99, 174–181.
- Leather, S.R., Day, K.R., Salisbury, A.N. 1999. The biology and ecology of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (Coleoptera; Curculionidae): a problem of dispersal. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 89, 3–16. DOI: 10.1017/S000748539900002410.1017/S0007485399000024
- Lindbladh, M., Abrahamsson, M. 2008. Beetle diversity in high-stumps from Norway spruce thinnings. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 23, 339–347. DOI: 10.1080/0282758080228276210.1080/02827580802282762
- Lindelöw, Å., Eidmann, H.H., Nordenhem, H. 1993. Response of the ground of bark beetle and weevil species colonizing conifer stumps and roots to terpenes and ethanol. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 19, 1393–1403.10.1007/BF00984884
- Lindhe, A., Lindelöw, Å. 2004. Cut high stumps of spruce, birch, aspen and oak as breeding substrates for saproxylic beetles. Forest Ecology and Management, 203, 1–20. DOI: 10.1016/j. foreco.2004.07.04710.1016/j.foreco.2004.07.047
- Littell, R.C., Stroup, W.W., Freund, R.J. 2002. SAS for linear models. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
- Małachowska, J. et al. 2007. Forest monitoring – assessment of forest condition in Poland in 1991–2005. Environmental Monitoring Library, Poland.
- McCullagh, P., Nelder, J.A. 1989. Generalized linear models. Chapman and Hall, London.10.1007/978-1-4899-3242-6
- McLean, I.F.G. 2000. Beneficial Diptera and their role in decomposition. Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera, Volume 1 (eds.: L. Papp, B. Darvas). Science Herald, Budapest, 491–517.
- Miller, D.R. 2006. Ethanol and (-)-a-pinene: attractant kairomones for some large wood-boring beetles in southeastern USA. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 32, 779–794. DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9037-810.1007/s10886-006-9037-8
- Montgomery, M.E., Wargo, P.M. 1983. Ethanol and other host-derived volatiles as attractants to beetles that bore into hardwoods. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 9, 181–190.10.1007/BF00988035
- Nelder, J.A., Weddenburn, R.W.M. 1972. Generalized linear models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 135, 370–384.
- Oleksyn, J.J. et al. 1998. Growth and physiology of Picea abies populations from elevational transects: common garden evidence for altitudinal ecotypes and cold adaptation. Functional Ecology, 12, 573–590. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00236.x10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00236.x
- Rotheray, G.E. et al. 2001. The biodiversity and conservation of saproxylic Diptera in Scotland. Journal of Insect Conservation, 5, 77–85.10.1023/A:1011329722100
- Safranyik, L., Linton, D.A. 1999. Spruce beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) survival in stumps and windfall. Canadian Entomologist, 131, 107–113. DOI: 10.4039/Ent131107-110.4039/Ent131107-1
- SAS Institute Inc. 2008. SAS/STAT® 9.2 User’s Guide. SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC.
- Sauvard, D. 2004. General biology of bark beetles. In: Bark and wood boring insects in living trees in Europe, a synthesis (eds.: F. Lieutier, K.R. Day, J.-C. Grégoire, H.F. Evans). Springer, Germany, 63–38.
- Schlyter, F. 2004. Semiochemicals in the life of bark feeding weevils. In: Bark and wood boring insects in living trees in Europe, a synthesis (eds.: F. Lieutier, K.R. Day, J.-C. Grégoire, H.F. Evans). Springer, Germany, 351–364.
- Schroeder, L.M., Lindelöw, Å. 2002. Attacks on living spruce trees by the bark beetle Ips typographus (Col. Scolytidae) following a storm-felling: a comparison between stands with and without removal of wind-felled trees. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 4, 47–56. DOI: 10.1046/j.14619563.2002.00122.x10.1046/j.14619563.2002.00122.x
- Schroeder, L.M., Weslien, J., Lindelöw, Å., Lindhe, A. 1999. Attacks by bark and wood-boring Coleoptera on mechanically created high stumps of Norway spruce in the two years following cutting. Forest Ecology and Management, 123, 21–30. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00013-410.1016/S0378-1127(99)00013-4
- Skrzecz, I. 1996. Impact of Phlebia gigantea (Fr.: Fr) Donk on the colonization of Scots pine stumps (Pinus sylvestris L.) by the large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.). Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A – Forestry, 38, 89–101.
- Skrzecz, I. 2001. Large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) abundance and the extent of damage in plantations established on clearcuts with pine stumps treated with the fungus Phlebiopsis gigantea (Fr.: Fr.) Jülich. Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A – Forestry, 43, 137–151.
- Starzyk, J.R. 1977. The influence of insolation of the stand upon the appearance of the timber beetles (Col. Cerambycidae) in the Niepolomice Forest. Sylwan, 6, 41–48.
- Starzyk, J.R., Brawer, M., Dajek, S. 1991. Longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Gorce National Park. Parki Narodowe i Rezerwaty Przyrody, 10, 61–78.
- Starzyk, J.R., Sęk, A. 1983. Communities and associations of insects in Norway spruce stumps on the selected areas of the Forest Experimental Station at Krynica (the Beskid Sadecki Mts.). Acta Agraria et Silvatica, Series Silvestris, 22, 73–86.
- Starzyk, J.R., Szafraniec, S. 1989. Longhorn beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) of Babia Góra National Park (western Carpathians). Zeszyty Naukowe AR Kraków, Leśnictwo, 19, 127–148.
- Stokes, M.E., Davies, C.S., Koch, G.G. 2000. Categorical data analysis using the SAS system. 2nd ed. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
- Von Sydow, F., Birgersson, G. 1997. Conifer stump condition and pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) reproduction. Canadian Journal Forest Research, 27, 1254–1262. DOI: 10.1139/x97-08910.1139/x97-089
- Wallace, H.R. 1953. The ecology of the insect fauna of pine stumps. Journal of Animal Ecology, 22, 154–171.10.2307/1698
- Weiss, S.B., Murphy, D.D., White, R.R. 1988. Sun, slope, and butterflies: topographic determinants of habitat quality for Euphydryas editha. Ecology, 69, 1486–1496.
- Wiąckowski, S. 1957. Insects in pine stumps depending on the age and size of the stump. Ekologia Polska, 3, 13–123.