References
- Aiyar, Sh., Ebeke, Ch. & Shao, X. (2016). The Impact of Workforce Aging on European Productivity. [IMF Working Paper WP/16/238]. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
- Ananian, S. & Dellaferrera, G. (2024). Employment and wage disparities between rural and urban areas [ILO working paper; 107]. Geneva: ILO. DOI: 10.54394/LNZT9066.
- Anić, A. (2019). Aktivnost žena, rodni jaz u zaradama i zamka neaktivnosti i nezaposlenosti [PhD thesis]. University of Belgrade.
- Arandarenko, M., Žarković Rakić, J. & Vladisavljević, M. (2012). Od neaktivnosti do zaposlenosti: analiza uticaja javnih politika i faktora koji utiču na neaktivnost. Belgrade: Fond za razvoj ekonomske nauke.
- Babović, M. (2016). Indeks rodne ravnopravnosti u Republici Srbiji. Merenje rodne ravnopravnosti u Srbiji 2014. godine. Belgrade: Team for social inclusion and poverty reduction.
- Baranowska-Rataj, A. & Matysiak, A. (2016). The Causal Effects of the Number of Children on Female Employment – Do European Institutional and Gender Conditions Matter? Journal of Labor Research, 37, 343–367. DOI: 10.1007/s12122-016-9231-6.
- Bhalotra, S. & Umaña-Aponte, M. (2010). The Dynamics of Women’s Labour Supply in Developing Countries [Discussion Paper No. 4879]. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor.
- Beker, K., Janjić, B. & Čović, A. (2023). Izveštaj o pravima žena i rodnoj ravnopravnosti u Srbiji za 2023. godinu. Pančevo: Association of women Femplatz.
- Besamusca, J., Tijdens, K., Keune, M. & Steinmetz, S. (2015). Working Women Worldwide. Age Effects in Female Labor Force Participation in 117 Countries. World Development 74, 123–141. DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.04.015.
- Bogdanov, N., Meredith, D. & Efstratoglou, S. (2008). A typology of rural areas in Serbia. Economic Annals 177, 7–29. DOI: 10.2298/EKA08177007B.
- Božić, D. (2011). Employment of the rural population in Serbia. Ekonomika Poljoprivrede, 58 (Special number), 79–103.
- Bradaš, S., Petovar, K. & Savić, G. (2018). Žene na selu – od nevidljivosti do razvojnog potencijala. Belgrade: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
- Card, D. & Hyslop, D. R. (2021). Female Earnings Inequality: The Changing Role of Family Characteristics and Its Effect on the Extensive and Intensive Margins. Journal of Labor Economics 39(S1). DOI: 10.1086/711368.
- Cardella, G. M., Hernández-Sánchez, B. R. & Sánchez-García, J. C. (2020). Women Entrepreneurship: A Systematic Review to Outline the Boundaries of Scientific Literature. Frontiers in Psychology 11, 1557. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01557.
- Clark, R., Ramsbey, W. T. & Stier Adler, E. (1991). Culture, Gender, and Labor Force Participation: A Cross-National Study. Gender and Society 5(1), 47–66.
- Copus, A., Psaltopoulos, D., Skuras, D., Terluin, I. & Weingarten, P. (2008). Approaches to Rural Typology in the European Union. Luxembourg (Luxembourg): Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
- Craig, L. & Churchill, B. (2021). Working and Caring at Home: Gender Differences in the Effects of Covid-19 on Paid and Unpaid Labor in Australia. Feminist Economics 27(1–2), 310–326. DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2020.1831039.
- Chatterjee, U., Murgai, R. & Rama, M. (2015). Job Opportunities along the Rural-Urban Gradation and Female Labor Force Participation in India [Policy Research Working Paper 7412]. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
- Cvejić, S., Babović, M., Petrović, M., Bogdanov, N. & Vuković, O. (2010). Socijalna isključenost u ruralnim oblastima Srbije]. Belgrade: UNDP Serbia, Sector for Inclusive Development.
- Dijkstra, L. & Poelman, H. (2014). A harmonized definition of cities and rural areas: the new degree of urbanization [Regional Working Paper 1/2014]. Brussel: EC.
- Dixon, R. (1982). Women in Agriculture: Counting the Labor Force in Developing Countries. Population and Development Review 8(3), 539–566. DOI: 10.237/1972379.
- Drobnjaković, M. (2019). Razvojna uloga ruralnih naselja centralne Srbije 95(Special issue). Belgrade: Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić” SASA.
- Drobnjaković, M., Panić, M., Kokotović Kanazir, V. & Javor, V. (2022). Spatial aspects of labor force formation: the interrelation of cohort turnover and net migration in Serbia. Eurasian Geography and Economics 63(4), 543–559. DOI: 10.1080/15387216.2022.2052136.
- Drobnjaković, M., Panić, M. & Đorđević, J. (2016). Traditional undeveloped municipalities in Serbia as a result of regional inequality. European Planning Studies 24(5), 926–949. DOI: 10.1080/09654313.2015.1129396.
- Drobnjaković, M. & Steinführer, A. (2024). Re-thinking rurality: Towards a new research approach and rural-urban spatial gradient establishment in Serbia. Applied Geography 163(2), 103195. DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2023.103195.
- Drobnjaković, M. & Panić, M. (2024). Introduction of the Approach for Reviving the Sub-Municipal Level as a Spatial Aspect of Decentralization in Serbia. Land 13(6), 752. DOI: 10.3390/land13060752.
- Durant, J. (1975). The Labor Force in Economic Development. Princeton University Press.
- Đorđević, J. & Panić, M. (2007). Underdeveloped Areas-South Morava Region. Journal of the Geographical Institute „Jovan Cvijić“ SASA 56, 39–57.
- Ferrant, G. & Thim, A. (2019). Measuring women’s economic empowerment: Time use data and gender inequality. [OECD Development Policy Papers, No. 16]. Paris: OECD Publishing. DOI: 10.1787/02e538fc-en.
- Fortin, N. M. (2005). Gender role attitudes and the labour-market outcomes of women across OECD Countries. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 21(3), 416–438. DOI: 10.1093/oxrep/gri024.
- Fuguitt, G. V. (1991). Commuting and the rural-urban hierarchy. Journal of Rural Studies 7(4), 459– 466. DOI: 10.1016/3743-0167(91)9009-H.
- Gajić, A., Krunić, N. & Protić, B. (2018). Towards a new methodological framework for the delimitation of rural and urban areas: a case study of Serbia. Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography 118(2), 1–13. DOI: 10.1080/00167223.2018.1503551.
- Ghio, D., Natale, F. & Goujon, A. (2021). Demographic changes in labour force supply: cohort turnover versus net migration effects. In Goujon, A., ed., The demographic landscape of EU territories: challenges and opportunities in diversely ageing regions (pp. 31–43). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. DOI: 10.2760/658945, JRC123046.
- Godlin, C. (1995). The U-Shaped Female Labor Force Function in Economic Development and Economic History. In Schultz, T. P., ed., Investment in Women’s Human Capital and Economic Development (pp. 61–90). University of Chicago Press.
- González, F. A. I. & Virdis, J. M. (2021). Global development and female labour force participation: evidence from a multidimensional perspective. Journal of Gender Studies 31(3), 289–305. DOI: 10.1080/09589236.2021.1949581.
- Hakim, C. (2000). Research design: Successful designs for social and economic research. London: Routledge.
- Hafeez, A. & Ahmad, E. (2002). Factors determining the labour force participation decision of educated married women in a district of Punjab. Pakistan Economic and Social Review 40(1), 75–88.
- Hay, K. (2002). Rural Indicators and Rural Development [Final Report]. European Union (Jan. 2001– March 2002).
- Heath, R., Bernhardt, A., Borker, G., Fitzpatrick, A., Keats, A., McKelway, M., Menzel, A., Molina, T., Sharma, G. (2024). Female Labour Force Participation. VoxDevLit, 11(1).
- Hechavarria, M. D., Bullough, A., Brush, C. & Edelman, F. L. (2019). High Growth Women’s Entrepreneurship: Fueling Social and Economic Development. Journal of Small Business Management 57(1), 5–13. DOI: 10.1111/jsbm.12503.
- Jayachandran, S. (2021). Social Norms as a Barrier to Women’s Employment in Developing Countries. IMF Economic Review, 69, 576–595. DOI: 10.3386/w27449.
- Jelić, S. & Jovanović, T. (2015). Determinante siromaštva i nezaposlenosti u ruralnim područjima Srbije [Determinants of poverty and unemployment in rural areas of Serbia]. Sociološki godišnjak 10, 159–174.
- Jelić, S., Jovanović, T., Dragićević, A. (2020). Zaposlenost u urbanim i ruralnim područjima Srbije. In Krstić, B., ed., Proceedings Selo i Poljoprivreda (pp. 229–244). Bijeljina: University of Bijeljina.
- Jensen, P. (2017). Cause and effects of female labour force participation in local welfare systems. Introduction. European Societies 19(2), 121–137. DOI: 10.1080/14616696.2016.1268706.
- Jokić, V., Dželebdžić, O. & Petovar, K. (2015). Human capital and its spatial distribution as limiting factors for balanced development of Serbia. Spatium 34, 46–55. DOI: 10.2298/SPAT15340461.
- Kabeer, N. (1996). Agency, Well-Being and Discrimination: Reflections on the Gender Dimensions of Poverty. IDS Bulletin 27(1), 11–21. DOI: 10.1111/j.1759-5436.1996.mp27001002.x.
- Kadić Abaz, A. & Hadžić, A. (2020). Economic activity of women and young women in Bosnia and Herzegovina under the umbrella of traditional views of women’s role in society. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 33(1), 2591–2605. DOI: 10.1080/1331677X.2020.1751671.
- Kapsos, S., Bourmpoula, E. & Silberman, A. (2014). Why is Female Labour Force Participation Declining so Sharply in India? [ILO research paper No. 10]. Geneva: ILO.
- Karshenas, M. & Moghadam, V. M. (2021). Women’s employment and labour force participation: Puzzles, problems and research needs. In Hakimian, H., ed., The Routledge Handbook on the Middle East Economy (pp. 92–108). London: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781315103969.
- Klasen, S., Le, T. T. N., Pieters, J. & Santos Silva, M. (2020). What Drives Female Labour Force Participation? Comparable Micro-level Evidence from Eight Developing and Emerging Economies. The Journal of Development Studies 57(3), 417–442. DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2020.1790533.
- Kokotović Kanazir, V., Panić, M. & Drobnjaković, M. (2024a). Spatial Distribution of Human Capital in Serbia: Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education. In Zafeiris, K. N., Kotzamanis, B., Skiadas, C., eds., Population Studies in the Western Balkans (pp. 179–210). Cham: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-53088-3_8.
- Kokotović Kanazir, V., Panić, M. & Drobnjaković, M. (2024b). Value of people – human capital in Serbia through the prism of educational attainment of young population. Stanovništvo 62(S1), 105– 129. DOI: 10.59954/stnv.625.
- Korotayev, A. V., Issaev, L. M. & Shishkina, A. R. (2014). Female labor force participation rate, Islam, and Arab culture in cross-cultural perspective. Cross-Cultural Research 49(1), 3–19. DOI: 10.1177/1069397114536126.
- Lari, N., Awadalla, A., Al-Ansari, M. & Elmaghraby, E. (2022). Determinants of female labor force participation: implications for policy in Qatar. Cogent Social Sciences 8(1). DOI: 10.1080/23311886.2022.2130223.
- Lechman, E. & Kaur, H. (2015). Economic growth and female labor force participation – verifying the U-feminization hypothesis. New evidence for 162 countries over the period 1990–2012. Economics and Sociology 8(1), 246–257. DOI: 10.14254/2071- 789X.2015/8-1/19.
- Leschke, J. & Jepsen, M. (2011). Can transitional labour markets contribute to a less traditional gender division of labour? Journal of Economic and Social Policy 14(1), Art. 7.
- Lichter, D. (1989). Underemployment and the utilization of labor in rural America. University Park: Pennsylvania State University.
- MacDonald, H. & Peters, H. A. (1996). Distance and Labor Force Participation: Implications for Urban and Rural Women. In Women’s Travel Issues (pp. 55–78). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation.
- Majid, H. & Siegmann, A. K. (2021). The Effects of Growth on Women's Employment in Pakistan. Feminist Economics 27(4), 29–61. DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2021.1942512.
- Marenković, V. & Palić, P. (2014). Human resources and women labor potential – a crucial resource to overcome the effects of the crisis. Education for entrepreneurship – E4E: International Journal of Education for Entrepreneurship 4(2), 87–95.
- Marcus, R. & Harper, C. (2015). How do gender norms change? London: Overseas Development Institute.
- Martinović, M. & Ratkaj, I. (2015). Sustainable rural development in Serbia: Towards a quantitative typology of rural areas. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 10(3), 37–48.
- Mulugeta, G. & Tajani, F. (2021). The role and determinants of women labor force participation for household poverty reduction in Debre Birhan town, North Shewa zone, Ethiopia. Cogent Economics & Finance 9(1), 1892927. DOI: 10.1080/23322039.2021.1892927.
- Njegovan, Z., Pejanović, R. & Petrović, D. (2008). Regionalization of rural areas in AP Vojvodina – problems in definition of rural areas. Agroekonomika (39–40), 5–17.
- Nikolić, M. & Petovar, K. (2015). Ruralni razvoj na lokalnom nivou. In Miščević, T., Mirić, O., Filipović, D., Petovar, K., Nikolić, M., Ružić, B., Spirić, D. & Vujović, M., eds., Lokalne samouprave i pristupni pregovori (pp. 51–69). Belgrade: Fondation Centar for Democracy.
- Panić, M., Drobnjaković, M., Stanojević, G., Kokotović Kanazir, V. & Doljak, D. (2022). Nighttime lights – Innovative approach for identification of temporal and spatial changes in population distribution. Journal of the Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić” SASA 72(1), 51–66. DOI: 10.2298/IJGI2201051P.
- Pantić, M. (2016). SILC i tipologija naselja: Statistička analiza opravdanosti trihotomne podele naselja. Belgrade: Team for social inclusion and poverty reduction, Government of the Republic of Serbia; UNDP.
- Pantović, J., Bradaš, S. & Petovar, K. (2017). Položaj žena na tržištu rada. Belgrade: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
- Perišić D. (1985). O urbocentrizmu, diskontinuitetu i planiranju. Pogledi 15(4), 41–51.
- Petovar, K. (2003). Naši gradovi između države i građanina. Belgrade: Faculty of Geography.
- Psacharopoulos, G. & Tzannatos, Z. (1989). Female Labor Force Participation: An International Perspective. The World Bank Research Observer 4(2), 187–201.
- Pudar Draško, G., Ćeriman, J. & Resanović, M. (2016). Pristup zapošljavanju i obrazovanju u ruralnim oblastima Srbije. In Milutinović Bojanić, S., Ćeriman, J., Pavić Zentner, V., eds., Siromaštvo, ruralnost, rod: Istraživanje funkcionisanja sistema socijalne zaštite u ruralnim oblastima Srbije (pp. 65–85). Belgrade: Centar za etiku, pravo i primenjenu filozofiju: Institut za filozofiju i društvenu teoriju Univerziteta u Beogradu.
- Radivojević, B. (2015). Ekonomske strukture stanovništva. In Nikitović, V., ed., Populacija Srbije početkom 21. veka (pp. 222–261). Belgrade: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia.
- Reichelt, M., Makovi, K. & Sargsyan, A. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on gender inequality in the labor market and gender-role attitudes. European Societies 23(S1), S228–S245. DOI: 10.1080/14616696.2020.1823010.
- Savić, M. & Mihajlović-Mihić, S. (2010). Variations on the European labor markets from gender point of view. Stanovništvo 48(2), 53–74.
- Seguino, S. (2000). Accounting for Gender in Asian Economic Growth. Feminist Economics 6(3), 27–58. DOI: 10.1080/135457000750020128.
- Schultz, T. (1988). Education investments and returns. Handbook of development economics 1, 543– 630. DOI: 10.1016/S1573-4471(88)01016-2.
- Spierings, N., Smits, J. & Verloo, M. (2010). Micro- and macrolevel determinants of women’s employment in six Arab countries. Journal of Marriage and Family 72(5), 1391–1407. DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00772.x.
- Tsani, S., Paroussos, L. & Fragiadakis, C. (2012). Female Labour Force Participation and Economic Development in Southern Mediterranean Countries: What scenarios for 2030? [MEDPRO Technical Report]. Sunrise, FL: MedPro.
- EU Commission (2005). Handbook on rural household, livelihood and well-being: Statistics on rural development and agriculture household income. CES/AC.61/2005/9. Geneva: European Commission.
- European Commission & Statistical Office of the European Union (2021). Applying the Degree of Urbanisation. A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons. Dijekstra, L., Brandmüller, T., Kemper, T., Khan, A. A., INFORMA & Veneri, P. (Eds.) European Union/FAO/UN-Habitat/OECD/World Bank. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. DOI: 10.2785/71043. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/15348338/KS-02-20-499-EN-N.pdf/0d412b58-046f-750b-0f48-7134f1a3a4c2?t=1669111363941.
- EU Commission (2013). Rural Development in the EU Statistical and Economic Information Report 2013. European Commission, Statistical Office of the European Union. (https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/sites/agriculture/files/statistics/rural-development/2013/full-text_en.pdf).
- Eurostat (2010). A revised urban-rural typology European Commission, Statistical Office of the European Union. (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/5726181/KS-HA-10-001-15-EN.PDF/5499ee07-b61e-4615-9631-ed76e2a31f81?version=1.0).
- Eurostat (2021). Applying the degree of urbanisation a new international manual for defining cities, towns and rural areas 2021 edition. European Commission, Statistical Office of the European Union.
- Eurostat (2024a). Employment and activity by sex and age – quarterly data. Online data code: lfsi_emp_q. DOI:10.2908/lfsi_emp_q. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/lfsi_emp_q/default/table?lang=en.
- Eurostat (2024b). Population by educational attainment level, sex, age and degree of urbanisation (%). Online data code: edat_lfs_9913. DOI: 10.2908/edat_lfs_9913. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/edat_lfs_9913/default/table?lang=en.
- Eurostat (2024c). Employment rates by sex, age and degree of urbanisation (%). Online data code: lfst_r_ergau. DOI: 10.2908/lfst_r_ergau. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/lfst_r_ergau/default/table?lang=en.
- FAO (2017). The State of Food and Agriculture 2017: Leveraging Food Systems for Inclusive Rural Transformation. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/a-I7658e.pdf.
- GRS (2010). Spatial plan of the Republic of Serbia 2010-2014-2021. Official Gazette of the RS, No. 24/10. Belgrade: Government of the Republic of Serbia.
- GRS (2011). The National programme of rural development of the Republic of Serbia. Official gazette RS, No. 5/11. Belgrade: Government of the Republic of Serbia.
- ILO (2013). Decent work indicators: guidelines for producers and users of statistical and legal framework indicators: ILO manual: second version /Geneva: International Labour Office.
- ILO (2023). World employment and social outlook – Trends 2023. Geneva: International Labour Office.
- NES (2019). Podaci o nezaposlenim licima [Data on unemployed persons]. Special processing. National Employment Service.
- OECD (1994). Creating rural indicators for shaping territorial policy. Paris.
- OECD (2011). OECD Regional Typology. Directorate for Governance and Territorial Development. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/OECD_regional_typology_Nov2012.pdf.
- OECD (2021). Labour force (indicator). Paris: OECD Publishing. Accessed on 19 September 2021. DOI: 10.1787/ef2e7159-en.
- ONEP (2012). European rural futures. Final definition and delineation of rural areas in Central Europe. Budapest: Office for National Economic Planning (ONEP). Department of Strategic and Spatial Planning and Evaluation, Unit for International Territorial Cooperation and Urban Strategy.
- QGIS Version 3.16.5. 2020. Available online: https://qgis.org/en/site/forusers/download.html.
- RASP (2011). Program implementacije Prostornog plana Republike Srbije od 2010. do 2020. godine, za period od 2011. do 2015. [Implementation program of the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia from 2010 to 2020, for the period from 2011 to 2015]. Belgrade: Republic Agency for Spatial Planning; Ministry of Environment, Mining and Spatial Planning.
- SORS (2020a). Municipalities and Regions of the Republic of Serbia, 2019. Belgrade: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia.
- SORS (2020b). Bulletin. Labor Force Survey in the Republic of Serbia, No. 658. Belgrade: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia.
- SORS (2021). Bulletin. Labor Force Survey in the Republic of Serbia, No. 671. Belgrade: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia.
- United Nations (UN) (2015). Draft Outcome Document of the United Nations Summit for the Adoption of the Post-2015 Development Agenda. A/69/L85. New York: UN, General Assembly.
