Precarious Aging: Transgender Lives, Health Systems, and Social Exclusion
By: Nabiha Fatima, Anum Tawha and Neha Batul Rizvi
References
- Ahmad, F., Banuri, S., & Bokhari, F. (2024). Discrimination in healthcare: A field experiment with Pakistan's transgender community. Labour Economics, 87, 102490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102490.
- Amnesty International. (2023). Pakistan: Reject proposed rollbacks on the Transgender Persons Act. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/05/pakistan-reject-proposed-rollbacks-on-thetransgender-persons-act/.
- Association, A. P. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.
- Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
- Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.
- Butler, J. (2004). Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence. London: Verso.
- Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., Cook-Daniels, L., Kim, H. J., Erosheva, E. A., Emlet, C. A., Hoy-Ellis, C. P., Goldsen, J., & Muraco, A. (2014). Physical and mental health of transgender older adults: An at-risk and underserved population. The Gerontologist, 54(3), 488–500. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnt021.
- Witten, T. M. (2014). It's not all darkness: Robustness, resilience, and successful transgender aging. LGBT Health, 1(1), 24-33.
- Gul, M., & Mohsin, M. (2023). Depression, Anxiety and Coping Strategies among Trans genders: An Exploratory Study. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology.
- Habib, H. (2024). The dilemma of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018: A clinical psychologist’s critique of psychological and psychiatric diagnoses in Pakistan. Journal of Rehman Medical Institute, 10 (2). https://doi.org/10.52442/jrmi.v10i2.842.
- Hembree, W. C., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Gooren, L., Hannema, S. E., Meyer, W. J., Murad, M. H., Rosenthal, S. M., Safer, J. D., Tangpricha, V., & T'Sjoen, G. G. (2017). Endocrine treatment of gender-dysphoric/gender-incongruent persons: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 102(11), 3869–3903. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01658.
- Hinchy, J. B. (2022). Hijras and South Asian historiography. History Compass.
- Khan, S. (2020). Marginalization and health vulnerabilities of transgender communities in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Public Health.
- Khan, W., & Abbas, Q. (2024). Transgender Discrimination in the Binary Gender Paradigm: An Analysis of Exclusionary Practices in Healthcare. Journal of Asian Development Studies.
- Lay, K. (2025, January 3). hunned and shamed, Pakistan’s trans community finally gets help for TB. The Guardian.
- Rizvi, F., Farooqi, I., Khan, M., & Elahi, A. (2023a). Mental health challenges: Investigating depression, anxiety and stress among transgender individuals in Sindh, Pakistan. Journal of Public Mental Health
- Mumtaz, G. (2021). Letter to the editor: Gaps in transition-related care in Pakistan. Archives of Sexual Behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior.
- Najmabadi, A. (2014). Professing selves: Transsexuality and same-sex desire in contemporary Iran. Duke University Press.
- Nisar, M. A. (2018). (Un)becoming a man: Legal consciousness of the third gender category in Pakistan. . Gender & Society.
- Rashid, A., & Rashid, U. (2022). Constitutional and Legal Guarantees for Transgender in Pakistan: Reforms and Failures in Law. In Guney, G., Davies, D., Lee, PH. (eds) Towards Gender Equality in Law. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
- Regmi, P., van Teijlingen, E., Neupane, S. R., & Marahatta, S. B. (2019). Hormone use among Nepali transgender women: A qualitative study. BMJ Open, 9(10), e030464. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030464
- Rehman, A., & Roomi, M. (2012). Transgender rights in Pakistan: The Supreme Court ruling and beyond. Pakistan Horizon.
- Rizvi, A., Farooqi, M., Khan, A., & Elahi, M. (2023b). Right delayed is a right denied: A critical appraisal of Pakistan’s Transgender Act 2018. PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology.
- Saeed, A. (2024, July 5). Hospitals in this Pakistan province are designating a special room for trans patients. VaccinesWork.
- Saqib, A., & Saqib, H. (2023). Efficacy of gender-affirming therapy for transgender people in Pakistan. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 73(12), 2523–2523. https://doi.org/10.47391/JPMA.9706
- Shah, N. (2016). Transgender identities in Pakistan: Power and exclusion. . South Asia Research.
- Sohail, I. B. (2024). Closing the legal gaps: Advancing transgender justice in Pakistan [Policy brief]. Islamabad Policy Research Institute.
- Wasif, S. (2018, October 20). First-ever research on healthcare needs of transpeople carried out in Pakistan. The Express Tribune. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1828591/first-ever-research-healthcare-needs-transpeople-carried-pakistan
- WHO. (2019). International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics (11th revision). https://icd.who.int/
- Younus, J., Baig, L., Ahmer, Z., Memon, A., & Aly, M. (2022). Exploring the Barriers Faced by Transgenders for Accessing Healthcare Facilities in the Metropolitan City of Karachi. Pakistan Journal of Public Health
Language: English
Page range: 74 - 91
Published on: Jun 28, 2026
Published by: West University of Timisoara
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Nabiha Fatima, Anum Tawha, Neha Batul Rizvi, published by West University of Timisoara
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.