Interplay between cardiovascular and thyroid dysfunctions: A review of clinical implications and management strategies
References
- Abreu IM, Lau E, de Sousa Pinto B, Carvalho D. Subclinical hypothyroidism: to treat or not to treat, that is the question! A systematic review with meta-analysis on lipid profile. Endocr Connect 6, 188–199, 2017.
- Adler SM, Wartofsky L. The nonthyroidal illness syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 36, 657–672, 2007.
- Andersen MN, Olsen AM, Madsen JC, Faber J, Torp-Pedersen C, Gislason GH, Selmer C. Levothyroxine substitution in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of myocardial infarction and mortality. PloS one 10, e0129793, 2015.
- Andersen MN, Olsen AS, Madsen JC, Kristensen SL, Faber J, Torp-Pedersen C, Gislason GH, Selmer C. Long-term outcome in levothyroxine treated patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and concomitant heart disease. J Clin Endocr Metab 101, 4170–4177, 2016.
- Bano A, Dhana K, Chaker L, Kavousi M, Ikram MA, Mattace-Raso FUS, Peeters RP, Franco OH. Association of thyroid function with life expectancy with and without cardiovascular disease: the Rotterdam study. JAMA Intern Med 177, 1650–1657. 2017.
- Bhatnagar AD. Study to find out incidence of cardiac manifestation in thyroid disorder (hypo and hyper both). Sch J App Med Sci 6, 2180–2184, 2018.
- Bartalena L, Bogazzi F, Chiovato L, Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A, Links TP, Vanderpump M. 2018 European Thyroid Association (ETA) guidelines for the management of amiodarone-associated thyroid dysfunction. Eur Thyroid J 7, 55–66, 2018.
- Basaria S, Cooper DS. Amiodarone and the thyroid. Am J Med 118, 706–714, 2005.
- Baumgartner C, Blum MR, Rodondi N. Subclinical hypothyroidism: summary of evidence in 2014. Swiss Med Wkly 144, w14058, 2014.
- Behera BK, Satpathy A, Samal K. Cardiovascular changes in newly detected hypothyroid patients in Eastern India. Int J Res Med Sci 5, 4302–4306, 2017.
- Biondi B. Heart failure and thyroid dysfunction. Eur J Endocrinol 167, 609–618, 2012.
- Biondi B, Bartalena L, Cooper DS, Hegedus L, Laurberg P, Kahaly GJ. The 2015 European Thyroid Association guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J 4, 149–163, 2015.
- Bozkurt B, Colvin M, Cook J, Cooper LT, Deswal A, Fonarow GC, Francis GS, Lenihan D, et al. Current diagnostic and treatment strategies for specific dilated cardiomyopathies: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 134, e579–e646, 2016.
- Cai Y, Ren Y, Shi J. Blood pressure levels in patients with subclinical thyroid dysfunction: a meta-analysis of cross-sectional data. Hypertens Res 34, 1098–1105, 2011.
- Cappola AR, Fried LP, Arnold AM, Danese MD, Kuller LH, Burke GL, Tracy RP, Ladenson PW. Thyroid status, cardiovascular risk, and mortality in older adults. JAMA 295, 1033–1041, 2006.
- Chaker L, Baumgartner C, Ikram MA, Dehghan A, Medici M, Visser WE, Hofman A, Rodondi N, Peeters RP, Franco OH. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the risk of stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol 29, 791–800, 2014.
- Chakera AJ, Pearce SH, Vaidya B. Treatment for primary hypothyroidism: current approaches and future possibilities. Drug Des Devel Ther 6, 1–11, 2012.
- Chang CY, Chien YJ, Lin PC, Chen CS, Wu MY. Non-thyroidal illness syndrome and hypothyroidism in ischemic heart disease population: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocr Metab 105, dgaa310, 2020.
- Charles L, Triscott J, Dobbs B. Secondary hypertension: discovering the underlying cause. Am Fam Physician 96, 453–461, 2017.
- Chaudhary N, Duggal AK, Makhija P, Puri V, Khwaja GA. Statin-induced bilateral foot drop in a case of hypothyroidism. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 18, 331–334, 2015.
- Chen YF, Kobayashi S, Chen J, Redetzke RA, Said S, Liang Q, Gerdes AM. Short term triiodo-L-thyronine treatment inhibits cardiac myocyte apoptosis in border area after myocardial infarction in rats. J Mol Cell Cardiol 44, 180–187, 2008.
- Collet TH, Gussekloo J, Bauer DC, den Elzen WP, Cappola AR, Balmer P, Iervasi G, Asvold BO, et al. Subclinical hyperthyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. Arch Intern Med. 172, 799–809, 2012.
- Dahl P, Danzi S, Klein I. Thyrotoxic cardiac disease. Curr Heart Fail Rep 5, 170–176, 2008.
- Davis PJ, Davis FB, Mousa SA. Thyroid hormone-induced angiogenesis. Curr Cardiol Rev 5, 12–16, 2009.
- Dey A, Kanneganti V, Das D. A study of the cardiac risk factors emerging out of subclinical hypothyroidism. J Family Med Prim Care 8, 2439–2444, 2019.
- Dorr M, Ruppert Jr, Robinson DM, Kors JA, Felix SB, Volzke H. The relation of thyroid function and ventricular repolarization: decreased serum thyrotropin levels are associated with short rate-adjusted QT intervals. J Clin Endocr Metab 91, 4938–4942, 2004.
- Dorr M, Robinson DM, Wallaschofski H, Schwahn C, John U, Felix SB, Volzke H. Low serum thyrotropin is associated with high plasma fibrinogen. J Clin Endocr Metab 91, 530–534, 2006.
- Duntas LH, Brenta G. A renewed focus on the association between thyroid hormones and lipid metabolism. Front Endocrinol 9, 511, 2018.
- Erem C, Kavgaci H, Ersoz HO, Hacihasanoglu A, Ukinc K, Karti SS, Deger O, Telatari M. Blood coagulation and fibrinolytic activity in hypothyroidism. Int J Clin Pract 57, 78–81, 2003.
- Erem C. Blood coagulation, fibrinolytic activity and lipid profile in subclinical thyroid disease: subclinical hyperthyroidism increases plasma factor X activity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 64, 323–329, 2006.
- Ertek S, Cicero AF. Hyperthyroidism and cardiovascular complications: a narrative review on the basis of pathophysiology. Arch Med Sci 9, 944, 2013.
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. GBD Compare 2010. http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/. Accessed April 30, 2014.
- Forini F, Lionetti V, Ardehali H, Pucci A, Cecchetti F, Ghanefar M, Nicolini G, Ichikawa Y, Nannipieri M, Recchia FA, Iervasi G. Early long‐term L‐T3 replacement rescues mitochondria and prevents ischemic cardiac remodelling in rats. J Cell Mol Med 15, 514–524, 2011.
- Franchini M, Lippi G, Targher G. Hyperthyroidism and venous thrombosis: a casual or causal association? A systematic literature review. Clin Appl Thromb-Hem 17, 387–392, 2011.
- Fukuyama K, Ichiki T, Takeda K, Tokunou T, Iino N, Masuda S, Ishibashi M, Egashira K, Shimokawa H, Hirano K, Kanaide H, Takeshita A. Downregulation of vascular angiotensin II type 1 receptor by thyroid hormone. Hypertension 41, 598–603, 2003.
- Fuster V, Ryden LE, Asinger RW, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Frye RL, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary. a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in collaboration with the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 38, 1231–1265, 2001.
- Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA, Halperin JL, Le Heuzey JY, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation-Executive Summary. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation). Eur Heart J 27, 1979–2030, 2006.
- Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, Hennessey JV, Klein I, Mechanick JI, Pessah-Pollack R, Singer PA, Woeber KA; American Association Of Clinical Endocrinologists And American Thyroid Association Taskforce On Hypothyroidism In Adults. Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid 22, 1200–1235, 2012.
- Gencer B, Collet TH, Virgini V, Bauer DC, Gussekloo J, Cappola AR, Nanchen D, den Elzen WP, Balmer P, Luben RN, Iacoviello M, Triggiani V, Cornuz J, Newman AB, Khaw KT, Jukema JW, Westendorp RG, Vittinghoff E, Aujesky D, Rodondi N; Thyroid Studies Collaboration. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the risk of heart failure events: an individual participant data analysis from 6 prospective cohorts. Circulation 126, 1040–1049, 2012.
- Holmager P, Schmidt U, Mark P, Andersen U, Dominguez H, Raymond I, Zerahn B, Nygaard B, Kistorp C, Faber J. Long‐term L‐triiodothyronine (T3) treatment in stable systolic heart failure patients: a randomised, double‐ blind, cross‐over, placebo‐controlled intervention study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 83, 931–937, 2015.
- Homoncik M, Gessl A, Ferlitsch A, Jilma B, Vierhapper H. Altered platelet plug formation in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocr Metab 92, 3006–3012, 2007.
- Iervasi G, Pingitore A, Landi P, Raciti M, Ripoli A, Scarlattini M, L’Abbate A, Donato L. Low-T3 syndrome: a strong prognostic predictor of death in patients with heart disease. Circulation 107, 708–713, 2003.
- Iervasi G, Molinaro S, Landi P, Taddei MC, Galli E, Mariani F, L’Abbate A, Pingitore A. Association between increased mortality and mild thyroid dysfunction in cardiac patients. Arch Intern Med 167, 1526–1532, 2007.
- Inciardi RM, Chandra A, Claggett B, Wijkman M, Selvin E, Kottgen A, Kucharska-Newton A, Diem S, Schultheiss U, Shah A, Solomon SD, Vardeny O, ARIC Investigators. Thyroid dysfunction and incident heart failure phenotypes among older adults: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (aric) study. Eur Heart J 41, 2020.
- India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative CVD Collaborators. The changing patterns of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors in the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016. Lancet Glob Health 6, e1339–e1351, 2018.
- Jabbar A, Pingitore A, Pearce SH, Zaman A, Iervasi G, Razvi S. Thyroid hormones and cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 14, 39–55, 2017.
- Jonklaas J, Bianco AC, Bauer AJ, Burman KD, Cappola AR, Celi FS, Cooper DS, Kim BW, Peeters RP, Rosenthal MS, Sawka AM; American Thyroid Association Task Force on Thyroid Hormone Replacement. Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: prepared by the american thyroid association task force on thyroid hormone replacement. Thyroid 24, 1670–1751, 2014.
- Kahaly GJ, Bartalena L, Hegedus L, Leenhardt L, Poppe K, Pearce SH. 2018 European thyroid association guideline for the management of Graves’ hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J 7, 167–186, 2018.
- Kandan V, Sathyamurthy P, Rajkumar M. Cardiovascular manifestations in hyperthyroidism. Int J Res Med Sci 4, 3032–3038, 2016.
- Kim YA, Park YJ. Prevalence and risk factors of subclinical thyroid disease. Endocrinol Metab 29, 20–29, 2014.
- Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, Ahlsson A, Atar D, Casadei B, Castella M, Diener HC, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 50, e1–e88, 2016.
- Klein I, Danzi S. Thyroid disease and the heart. Curr Prob Cardiol 41, 65–92, 2016.
- Kravets I. Hyperthyroidism: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician 93, 363–370, 2016.
- Kuchulakanti PK, Bandaru VS, Kuchulakanti A, Lakshumaiah T, Rathod M, Khare R, Sairam P, Reddy PR, Ravikanth A, Guruprakash A, Reddy RP. Association of subclinical hypothyroidism in heart failure: a study from South India. Br J Cardiol 26, 35, 2019.
- Ladenson PW. Recognition and management of cardiovascular disease related to thyroid dysfunction. Am J Med 88, 638–641, 1990.
- Lee YS, Choi JW, Bae EJ, Park WI, Lee HJ, Oh PS. The corrected QT (QTc) prolongation in hyperthyroidism and the association of thyroid hormone with the QTc interval. Korean J Pediatr 58, 263–266, 2015.
- Li X, Wang Y, Guan Q, Zhao J, Gao L. The lipid‐lowering effect of levothyroxine in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 87, 1–9, 2017.
- Liu XL, He S, Zhang SF, Wang J, Sun XF, Gong CM, Zheng SJ, Zhou JC, Xu J. Alteration of lipid profile in subclinical hypothyroidism: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Monit 20, 1432–1441, 2014.
- Lymvaios I, Mourouzis I, Cokkinos DV, Dimopoulos MA, Toumanidis ST, Pantos C. Thyroid hormone and recovery of cardiac function in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a strong association? Eur J Endocrinol 165, 107–114, 2011.
- Manolis AA, Manolis TA, Melita H, Manolis AS. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and cardiovascular consequences: An alarming wake-up call? Trends Cardiovas Med 30, 57–69, 2020.
- Marin-Garcia J, Goldenthal MJ. Mitochondrial centrality in heart failure. Heart fail rev 13, 137–150, 2008.
- Mastropasqua M, Spagna G, Baldini V, Tedesco I, Paggi A. Hoffman’s syndrome: muscle stiffness, pseudohypertrophy and hypothyroidism. Horm Res 59, 105–108, 2003.
- Meng Y, Zhao T, Zhang ZY, Zhang DK. Association between sub-clinical hypothyroidism and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Chin Med J (Engl) 133, 364–366, 2020.
- Mithal A, Dharmalingam M, Tewari N. Are patients with primary hypothyroidism in India receiving appropriate thyroxine replacement? An observational study. Indian J Endocr Metab 18, 83–88, 2014.
- Moini J, Pereira K, Samsam M. Epidemiology of Thyroid Disorders. Elsevier, 2020.
- Moon S, Kim MJ, Yu JM, Yoo HJ, Park YJ. Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Thyroid 28, 1101–1110, 2018.
- Nanchen D, Gussekloo J, Westendorp RG, Stott DJ, Jukema JW, Trompet S, Ford I, Welsh P, Sattar N, Macfarlane PW, Mooijaart SP, Rodondi N, de Craen AJ; PROSPER Group. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the risk of heart failure in older persons at high cardiovascular risk. J Clin Endocr Metab 97, 852–861, 2012.Ochs N, Auer R, Bauer DC, Nanchen D, Gussekloo J, Cornuz J, Rodondi N. Meta-analysis: subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the risk for coronary heart disease and mortality. Ann Intern Med 148, 832–845, 2008.
- Pantos C, Malliopoulou V, Mourouzis I, Karamanoli E, Moraitis P, Tzeis S, Paizis I, Cokkinos AD, Carageorgiou H, Varonos DD, Cokkinos DV. Thyroxine pretreatment increases basal myocardial heat-shock protein 27 expression and accelerates translocation and phosphorylation of this protein upon ischaemia. Eur J Pharmacol 478, 53–60, 2003a.
- Pantos C, Malliopoulou V, Paizis I, Moraitis P, Mourouzis I, Tzeis S, Karamanoli E, Cokkinos DD, Carageorgiou H, Varonos D, Cokkinos DV. Thyroid hormone and cardioprotection: study of p38 MAPK and JNKs during ischaemia and at reperfusion in isolated rat heart. Mol Cell Biochem 242, 173–180, 2003b.
- Pasqualetti G, Tognini S, Polini A, Caraccio N, Monzani F. Is subclinical hypothyroidism a cardiovascular risk factor in the elderly? J Clin Endocr Metab 98, 2256–2266, 2013.
- Pearce EN. Diagnosis and management of thyrotoxicosis. BMJ 332, 1369–1373, 2006.
- Persani L, Brabant G, Dattani M, Bonomi M, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Fliers E, Gruters A, Maiter D, Schoenmakers N, van Trotsenburg ASP. 2018 European Thyroid Association (ETA) Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of central hypothyroidism. Eur Thyroid J 7, 225–237, 2018.
- Pingitore A, Galli E, Barison A, Iervasi A, Scarlattini M, Nucci D, L’abbate A, Mariotti R, Iervasi G. Acute effects of triiodothyronine (T3) replacement therapy in patients with chronic heart failure and low-T3 syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocr Metab 93, 1351–1358, 2008.
- Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JG, Coats AJ, Falk V, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail 18, 891–975, 2016.
- Prabhakaran D, Jeemon P, Roy A. Cardiovascular diseases in India: current epidemiology and future directions. Circulation 133, 1605–1620, 2016.
- Ravishankar MS, Harish Kumar S, Balachandra G. Cardiac Manifestations in Overt and Subclinical Hypothyroidism Subjects in a Tertiary Care Centre. J Intern Med 7, 31–35, 2018.
- Razvi S, Weaver JU, Butler TJ, Pearce SH. Levothyroxine treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism, fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, and mortality. Arch Intern Med 172, 811–817, 2012.
- Razvi S, Jabbar A, Pingitore A, Danzi S, Biondi B, Klein I, Peeters R, Zaman A, Iervasi G. Thyroid hormones and cardiovascular function and diseases. J Am Coll Cardiol 71, 1781–1796, 2018.
- Razvi S. Novel uses of thyroid hormones in cardiovascular conditions. Endocrine 66, 115–123, 2019.
- Rodondi N, Aujesky D, Vittinghoff E, Cornuz J, Bauer DC. Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 119, 541–551, 2006.
- Rodondi N, den Elzen WP, Bauer DC, Cappola AR, Razvi S, Walsh JP, Asvold BO, Iervasi G, Imaizumi M, Collet TH, Bremner A, Maisonneuve P, Sgarbi JA, Khaw KT, Vanderpump MP, Newman AB, Cornuz J, Franklyn JA, Westendorp RG, Vittinghoff E, Gussekloo J; Thyroid Studies Collaboration. Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. JAMA 304, 1365–1374, 2010.
- Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Greenlee MC, Laurberg P, Maia AL, Rivkees SA, Samuels M, Sosa JA, Stan MN, Walter MA. 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid 26, 1343–1421, 2016.
- Rush J, Danzi S, Klein I. Role of thyroid disease in the development of statin-induced myopathy. The Endocrinologist 16, 279–285, 2006.
- Saad M, Lacoste AG, Balar P, Zhang A, Vittorio TJ. The subclinical hypothyroid state might predict 30-day readmission in patients admitted with acute heart failure syndrome and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 14, 2020.
- Satoh T, Isozaki O, Suzuki A, Wakino S, Iburi T, Tsuboi K, Kanamoto N, Otani H, Furukawa Y, Teramukai S, Akamizu T. 2016 Guidelines for the management of thyroid storm from The Japan Thyroid Association and Japan Endocrine Society. Endocr J 63, 1025–1064, 2016.
- Sawin CT, Geller A, Wolf PA, Belanger AJ, Baker E, Bacharach P, Wilson PW, Benjamin EJ, D’Agostino RB. Low serum thyrotropin concentrations as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older persons. N Engl J Med 331, 1249–1252, 1994.
- Schenck JB, Rizvi AA, Lin T. Severe primary hypothyroidism manifesting with torsades de pointes. Am J Med Sci 331, 154–156, 2006.
- Shende P, Choudhari S, Kelkar M, Chafekar N. A study of cardiovascular changes in newly detected hypothyroid patients. MVP J Med Sci 4, 102–106, 2017.
- Schmidt-Ott UM, Ascheim DD. Thyroid hormone and heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep 3, 114–119, 2006.
- Selmer C, Olesen JB, Hansen ML, von Kappelgaard LM, Madsen JC, Hansen PR, Pedersen OD, Faber J, Torp-Pedersen C, Gislason GH. Subclinical and overt thyroid dysfunction and risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events: a large population study. J Clin Endocr Metab 99, 2372–2382, 2014.
- Selvamuthukumaran S. Cardiovascular manifestations in patients with hypothyroidism in rural South India – a prospective study. Int J Contemp Med Res 5, H6–H9, 2018.
- Silva J, Landsberg L. Catecholamines and the sympathoadrenal system in hypothyroidism. The thyroid: A fundamental and clinical text. New York: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 820–823, 2000.
- Singer DE, Albers GW, Dalen JE, Fang MC, Go AS, Halperin JL, Lip GYH, Manning WJ. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 133, 546S–592S, 2008.
- Singh S, Duggal J, Molnar J, Maldonado F, Barsano CP, Arora R. Impact of subclinical thyroid disorders on coronary heart disease, cardiovascular and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 125, 41–48, 2008.
- Siu CW, Yeung CY, Lau CP, Kung AW, Tse HF. Incidence, clinical characteristics and outcome of congestive heart failure as the initial presentation in patients with primary hyperthyroidism. Heart 93, 483–487, 2007.
- Squizzato A, Gerdes V, Brandjes D, Buller H, Stam J. Thyroid diseases and cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 36, 2302–2310, 2005.
- Stott DJ, Rodondi N, Kearney PM, Ford I, Westendorp RGJ, Mooijaart SP, Sattar N, Aubert CE, et al. Thyroid hormone therapy for older adults with subclinical hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 376, 2534–2544, 2017.
- Sun J, Yao L, Fang Y, Yang R, Chen Y, Yang K, Tian L. Relationship between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the risk of cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Endocrinol 2017, 2017.
- Toft A, Menon N. Thyroid disease and the heart. Heart 84, 455–460, 2000.
- Trohman RG, Sharma PS, McAninch EA, Bianco AC. Amiodarone and thyroid physiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Trends Cardiovas Med 29, 285–295, 2019.
- Unnikrishnan AG, Menon UV. Thyroid disorders in India: An epidemiological perspective. Indian J Endocr Metab 15, S78–S81, 2011.
- Vaideeswar P, Singaravel S, Gupte P. The thyroid in ischemic heart disease: An autopsy study. Indian Heart J 70, S489–S491, 2018.
- Vasileiou M, Gilbert J, Fishburn S, Boelaert K; Guideline Committee. Thyroid disease assessment and management: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 368, 2020.
- Wang B, Liu S, Li L, Yao Q, Song R, Shao X, Li Q, Shi X, Zhang JA. Non-thyroidal illness syndrome in patients with cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 226, 1–10, 2017.
- Waring AC, Rodondi N, Harrison S, Kanaya AM, Simonsick EM, Miljkovic I, Satterfield S, Newman AB, Bauer DC; Health, Ageing, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Thyroid function and prevalent and incident metabolic syndrome in older adults: the Health, Ageing and Body Composition Study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 76, 911–918, 2012.
- Werner SC, Ingbar SH, Braverman LE, Utiger RD. Werner & Ingbar’s the thyroid: a fundamental and clinical text. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 549, 2005.
- Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 128, e240–e327, 2013.
- Yang GZ, Xue FS, Liu YY, Li HX, Liu Q, Liao X. Effects of enteral different-dose levothyroxinesodium pretreatment on serum thyroid hormone levels and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Perfusion 33, 584–592, 2018.
- Yang G, Wang Y, Ma A, Wang T. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is associated with adverse prognosis in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction. BMC Cardiovasc Disor 19, 83, 2019.
- Ye Y, Xie H, Zeng Y, Zhao X, Tian Z, Zhang S. Association between subclinical hypothyroidism and blood pressure-a meta-analysis of observational studies. Endocr Pract 20, 150–158, 2014.
- Yoshida K, Yoshiyama M, Omura T, Nakamura Y, Kim S, Takeuchi K, Iwao H, Yoshikawa J. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in the non-ischemic myocardium of an acute myocardial infarction in rats. Jpn Circ J 65, 808–814, 2001.
- Zhao T, Chen B, Zhou Y, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wang H, Shan Z. Effect of levothyroxine on the progression of carotid intima-media thickness in subclinical hypothyroidism patients: a meta-analysis. BMJ open 7, e016053, 2017.
Language: English
Page range: 311 - 328
Published on: Oct 20, 2022
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2022 Sanyal Debmalya, Ray Saumitra, Malhi Harshveer Singh, published by Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.