Fourth industrial revolution: a way forward to attain better performance in the textile industry

Year	Import	Export	Balance
2006	6	10.9	4.9
2007	5.6	10.3	4.7
2008	5.4	10.5	5.1
2009	4.4	8.93	4.53
2010	5.65	9.33	3.68
2011	8.17	10.81	2.64
2012	8.91	9.46	0.55
2013	8.78	10.25	1.47
2014	9.1	11.03	1.92
2015	14.93	11.9	*-3.03*
2016	16.4	12.06	*-4.34*

[i] Source: elaborated by the authors based on (Ali & Haseeb, 2019).

Theoretical framework of the study showing the relationship between Industry 4.0, production, services, technology implementation and firm performance

Tab. 2

Studies on a smart factory and manufacturing

Research Category	Publication
CPS of Industry 4.0	Bagheri et al. (2015)
	Brettel, Friederichsen, Keller & Rosenberg (2014)
	Harrison, Vera & Ahmad (2016)
	Ivanov, Dolgui, Sokolov, Werner & Ivanova (2016)
	Ivanov, Sokolov & Ivanova (2016)
	Jazdi (2014)
	Kobara (2016)
	Lee, Bagheri & Kao (2015)
	Georgakopoulos, Jayaraman, Fazia, Villari & Ranjan (2016)
	Pérez, Irisarri, Orive, Marcos & Estevez (2015)
	Schuster et al. (2015)
	Shafiq, Sanin, Szczerbicki & Toro (2016)

Framework of interoperability of Industry 4.0
Source: adapted from (Lu, 2017).

Tab. 3

Studies on interoperability

Research Category	Publication
Interoperability of Industry 4.0	Berre et al. (2007)
	D. Chen et al. (2008)
	Gorkhali & Xu (2016)
	Geraci et al. (1991)
	Lu (2017)
	Romero & Vernadat (2016)
	Smirnov et al. (2013)
	Sowell (2006)

Tab. 4

Studies on Smart City

Research Category	Publication
Smart City of Industry 4.0	Lasi, Fettke, Kemper, Feld &
	Hoffmann (2014)
	Lom et al. (2016)
	Tang (2015)
	Roblek et al. (2016)

Tab. 5

Studies on a smart factory and manufacturing

Research Category	Publication
Smart Factory and Manufacturing	Chen & Xing (2015)
	Kolberg & Zühlke (2015)
	Oses, Legarretaetxebarria, Quartulli, García & Serrano (2016)
	Paelke (2014)
	Pisching, Junqueira, Santos Filho & Miyagi (2015)
	Rüßmann et al. (2015)
	Wang, Wan, Zhang, Li & Zhang (2016)
	Sanders, Elangeswaran & Wulfsberg (2016)
	Scheuermann, Verclas & Bruegge (2015)
	Thames & Schaefer (2016)

Tab. 6

Missing values and data outlier

	No.	Mean	Median	Min	Max	SD	Kurtosis	Skewness
CPS1	1	3.527	3	1	7	1.852	-0.652	0.371
CPS2	2	3.591	3	1	7	1.783	-0.465	0.385
CPS3	3	3.555	3	1	7	1.859	-0.725	0.287
CPS4	4	3.436	3	1	7	1.758	-0.396	0.432
CPS5	5	3.532	4	1	7	1.847	-0.795	0.206
CPS6	6	3.455	3	1	7	1.759	-0.507	0.321
INT1	7	3.6	4	1	7	1.725	-0.562	0.207
INT2	8	2.959	3	1	7	1.399	0.021	0.575
INT3	9	3.091	3	1	7	1.339	0.756	0.875
INT4	10	3.132	3	1	7	1.295	1.269	0.927
INT5	11	3.055	3	1	7	1.4	0.719	0.762
SPSC1	12	3.05	3	1	7	1.325	0.985	0.721
SPSC2	13	3.1	3	1	7	1.461	0.597	0.732
SPSC3	14	3.073	3	1	7	1.409	1.009	0.891
SPSC4	15	2.936	3	1	7	1.39	-0.08	0.442
SPSC5	16	3.123	3	1	7	1.334	0.773	0.721
SPSC6	17	3.027	3	1	7	1.401	0.48	0.68
PS1	18	3.005	3	1	7	1.425	0.588	0.75
PS2	19	3.136	3	1	7	1.391	0.073	0.549
PS3	20	3.041	3	1	7	1.322	0.515	0.578
PS4	21	2.95	3	1	7	1.312	0.024	0.543
PS5	22	3.068	3	1	7	1.265	0.652	0.617
PS6	23	3.032	3	1	7	1.376	0.258	0.722
ETI1	24	3.064	3	1	7	1.364	0.419	0.675
ETI2	25	3.091	3	1	7	1.262	0.465	0.58
ETI3	26	3.209	3	1	7	1.602	-0.488	0.276
ETI4	27	3.223	3	1	7	1.735	-0.563	0.405
ETI5	28	3.232	3	1	7	1.882	-0.741	0.46
ETI6	29	3.25	3	1	7	1.992	-0.988	0.463
FP1	30	3.132	3	1	7	2.066	-0.894	0.582
FP2	31	3.159	3	1	7	1.935	-0.792	0.535
FP3	32	3.268	3	1	7	1.675	-0.429	0.458
FP4	33	3.2	3	1	7	1.904	-0.779	0.467
FP5	34	3.273	3	1	7	1.873	-0.758	0.502
FP6	35	3.241	3	1	7	1.89	-0.739	0.462
FP7	36	3.255	3	1	7	2.022	-0.965	0.485

Tab. 7

Factor loadings

	Cyber-Physical Systems	Effective Technology Implementation	Firm Performance	Interoperability	Production and Services	Smart City and Smart Product
CPS1	0.9
CPS2	0.872
CPS3	0.906
CPS4	0.904
CPS5	0.893
CPS6	0.874
ETI1		0.768
ETI2		0.773
ETI3		0.849
ETI4		0.897
ETI5		0.905
ETI6		0.863
FP1			0.932
FP2			0.921
FP3			0.872
FP4			0.922
FP5			0.916
FP6			0.907
FP7			0.901
INT1				0.66
INT2				0.863
INT3				0.893
INT4				0.888
INT5				0.893
PS1					0.844
PS2					0.9
PS3					0.854
PS4					0.885
PS5					0.894
PS6					0.909
SPSC1						0.902
SPSC2						0.914
SPSC3						0.908
SPSC4						0.853
SPSC5						0.869
SPSC6						0.84

Tab. 8

CR and convergent validity

	Clpha	rho_A	CR	AVE
Cyber-Physical Systems	0.948	0.95	0.959	0.795
Effective Technology Implementation	0.919	0.929	0.937	0.713
Firm Performance	0.965	0.966	0.971	0.829
Interoperability	0.897	0.914	0.925	0.713
Production and Services	0.942	0.942	0.954	0.776
Smart City and Smart Product	0.942	0.943	0.954	0.777

Tab. 9

Discriminant validity

	CPS	ETI	FP	INT	PS	SPSC
Cyber-Physical Systems	0.892
Effective Technology Implementation	0.621	*0.844*
Firm Performance	0.604	0.731	*0.91*
Interoperability	0.66	0.795	0.681	*0.844*
Production and Services	0.577	0.799	0.671	0.724	*0.881*
Smart City and Smart Product	0.601	0.821	0.708	0.72	0.722	*0.781*

Tab. 10

Direct effect results

	(O)	(M)	SD	T Statistics	P Values
Cyber-Physical Systems -> Production and Services	0.053	0.05	0.02	2.647	0.004
Effective Performance Technology Implementation -> Firm	0.093	0.092	0.0026	35.794	0
Interoperability -> Production and Services	0.532	0.531	0.061	8.721	0
Production and Services -> Firm Performance	0.203	0.201	0.037	5.544	0
Smart City and Smart Product -> Production and Services	0.464	0.462	0.058	8.064	0

Tab. 11

Indirect effect

	(O)	(M)	SD	T Statistics	P Values
Cyber-Physical Systems -> Production and Services -> Firm Performance	0.011	0.01	0.007	1.636	0.103
Interoperability -> Production and Services -> Firm Performance	0.108	0.107	0.024	4.464	0
Smart City and Smart Product -> Production and Services -> Firm Performance	0.094	0.093	0.02	4.819	0

Tab. 12

Moderation Effect

	(O)	(M)	SD	T Statistics	P Values
Moderating Effect 1 -> Production and Services	0.004	0.004	0.037	0.103	0.918
Moderating Effect 2 -> Production and Services	0.059	0.059	0.03	1.961	0.05
Moderating Effect 3 -> Production and Services	0.037	0.033	0.01	3.7	0

References

Authors

Metrics

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/emj-2019-0011 | Journal eISSN: 2543-912X (formerly 2300-0813) | Journal ISSN: 2543-6597

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 52 - 69

Submitted on: Jan 2, 2019

Accepted on: Jun 10, 2019

Published on: Jul 30, 2019

Published by: Bialystok University of Technology

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

Industry 4.0,

firm performance,

cyber-physical systems,

interoperability,

smart product,

smart city

Related subjects:

Business and economics,

Business management,

Industries,

Transportation, logistics, air traffic, shipping,

Engineering,

Mechanical engineering,

Production technology,

Process engineering and industrial engineering

© 2019 Beata Ślusarczyk, Muhammad Haseeb, Hafezali Iqbal Hussain, published by Bialystok University of Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 11 (2019): Issue 2 (June 2019)

Fourth industrial revolution: a way forward to attain better performance in the textile industry

Figures & Tables

Tab. 1

Fig. 1

Tab. 2

Fig. 2