Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Malaysian textiles and apparels trading (2006 ̶ 2016)
| Y | I | E | B |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 6 | 10.9 | 4.9 |
| 2007 | 5.6 | 10.3 | 4.7 |
| 2008 | 5.4 | 10.5 | 5.1 |
| 2009 | 4.4 | 8.93 | 4.53 |
| 2010 | 5.65 | 9.33 | 3.68 |
| 2011 | 8.17 | 10.81 | 2.64 |
| 2012 | 8.91 | 9.46 | 0.55 |
| 2013 | 8.78 | 10.25 | 1.47 |
| 2014 | 9.1 | 11.03 | 1.92 |
| 2015 | 14.93 | 11.9 | -3.03 |
| 2016 | 16.4 | 12.06 | -4.34 |
Missing values and data outlier
| N | M | M | M | M | M | SD | K | S | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CPS1 | 1 | 0 | 3.527 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.852 | -0.652 | 0.371 |
| CPS2 | 2 | 0 | 3.591 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.783 | -0.465 | 0.385 |
| CPS3 | 3 | 0 | 3.555 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.859 | -0.725 | 0.287 |
| CPS4 | 4 | 0 | 3.436 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.758 | -0.396 | 0.432 |
| CPS5 | 5 | 0 | 3.532 | 4 | 1 | 7 | 1.847 | -0.795 | 0.206 |
| CPS6 | 6 | 0 | 3.455 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.759 | -0.507 | 0.321 |
| INT1 | 7 | 0 | 3.6 | 4 | 1 | 7 | 1.725 | -0.562 | 0.207 |
| INT2 | 8 | 0 | 2.959 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.399 | 0.021 | 0.575 |
| INT3 | 9 | 0 | 3.091 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.339 | 0.756 | 0.875 |
| INT4 | 10 | 0 | 3.132 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.295 | 1.269 | 0.927 |
| INT5 | 11 | 0 | 3.055 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.4 | 0.719 | 0.762 |
| SPSC1 | 12 | 0 | 3.05 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.325 | 0.985 | 0.721 |
| SPSC2 | 13 | 0 | 3.1 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.461 | 0.597 | 0.732 |
| SPSC3 | 14 | 0 | 3.073 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.409 | 1.009 | 0.891 |
| SPSC4 | 15 | 0 | 2.936 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.39 | -0.08 | 0.442 |
| SPSC5 | 16 | 0 | 3.123 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.334 | 0.773 | 0.721 |
| SPSC6 | 17 | 0 | 3.027 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.401 | 0.48 | 0.68 |
| PS1 | 18 | 0 | 3.005 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.425 | 0.588 | 0.75 |
| PS2 | 19 | 0 | 3.136 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.391 | 0.073 | 0.549 |
| PS3 | 20 | 0 | 3.041 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.322 | 0.515 | 0.578 |
| PS4 | 21 | 0 | 2.95 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.312 | 0.024 | 0.543 |
| PS5 | 22 | 0 | 3.068 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.265 | 0.652 | 0.617 |
| PS6 | 23 | 0 | 3.032 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.376 | 0.258 | 0.722 |
| ETI1 | 24 | 0 | 3.064 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.364 | 0.419 | 0.675 |
| ETI2 | 25 | 0 | 3.091 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.262 | 0.465 | 0.58 |
| ETI3 | 26 | 0 | 3.209 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.602 | -0.488 | 0.276 |
| ETI4 | 27 | 0 | 3.223 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.735 | -0.563 | 0.405 |
| ETI5 | 28 | 0 | 3.232 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.882 | -0.741 | 0.46 |
| ETI6 | 29 | 0 | 3.25 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.992 | -0.988 | 0.463 |
| FP1 | 30 | 0 | 3.132 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 2.066 | -0.894 | 0.582 |
| FP2 | 31 | 0 | 3.159 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.935 | -0.792 | 0.535 |
| FP3 | 32 | 0 | 3.268 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.675 | -0.429 | 0.458 |
| FP4 | 33 | 0 | 3.2 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.904 | -0.779 | 0.467 |
| FP5 | 34 | 0 | 3.273 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.873 | -0.758 | 0.502 |
| FP6 | 35 | 0 | 3.241 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1.89 | -0.739 | 0.462 |
| FP7 | 36 | 0 | 3.255 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 2.022 | -0.965 | 0.485 |
Factor loadings
| C | E | F | I | P | S | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CPS1 | 0.9 | |||||
| CPS2 | 0.872 | |||||
| CPS3 | 0.906 | |||||
| CPS4 | 0.904 | |||||
| CPS5 | 0.893 | |||||
| CPS6 | 0.874 | |||||
| ETI1 | 0.768 | |||||
| ETI2 | 0.773 | |||||
| ETI3 | 0.849 | |||||
| ETI4 | 0.897 | |||||
| ETI5 | 0.905 | |||||
| ETI6 | 0.863 | |||||
| FP1 | 0.932 | |||||
| FP2 | 0.921 | |||||
| FP3 | 0.872 | |||||
| FP4 | 0.922 | |||||
| FP5 | 0.916 | |||||
| FP6 | 0.907 | |||||
| FP7 | 0.901 | |||||
| INT1 | 0.66 | |||||
| INT2 | 0.863 | |||||
| INT3 | 0.893 | |||||
| INT4 | 0.888 | |||||
| INT5 | 0.893 | |||||
| PS1 | 0.844 | |||||
| PS2 | 0.9 | |||||
| PS3 | 0.854 | |||||
| PS4 | 0.885 | |||||
| PS5 | 0.894 | |||||
| PS6 | 0.909 | |||||
| SPSC1 | 0.902 | |||||
| SPSC2 | 0.914 | |||||
| SPSC3 | 0.908 | |||||
| SPSC4 | 0.853 | |||||
| SPSC5 | 0.869 | |||||
| SPSC6 | 0.84 |
Discriminant validity
| CPS | ETI | FP | INT | PS | SPSC | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyber-Physical Systems | 0.892 | |||||
| Effective Technology Implementation | 0.621 | 0.844 | ||||
| Firm Performance | 0.604 | 0.731 | 0.91 | |||
| Interoperability | 0.66 | 0.795 | 0.681 | 0.844 | ||
| Production and Services | 0.577 | 0.799 | 0.671 | 0.724 | 0.881 | |
| Smart City and Smart Product | 0.601 | 0.821 | 0.708 | 0.72 | 0.722 | 0.781 |
Studies on a smart factory and manufacturing
| R | P |
|---|---|
| Smart Factory and Manufacturing | Chen & Xing (2015) |
| Kolberg & Zühlke (2015) | |
| Oses, Legarretaetxebarria, Quartulli, García & Serrano (2016) | |
| Paelke (2014) | |
| Pisching, Junqueira, Santos Filho & Miyagi (2015) | |
| Rüßmann et al. (2015) | |
| Wang, Wan, Zhang, Li & Zhang (2016) | |
| Sanders, Elangeswaran & Wulfsberg (2016) | |
| Scheuermann, Verclas & Bruegge (2015) | |
| Thames & Schaefer (2016) |
Indirect effect
| (O) | (M) | SD | T S | P V | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyber-Physical Systems -> Production and Services -> Firm Performance | 0.011 | 0.01 | 0.007 | 1.636 | 0.103 |
| Interoperability -> Production and Services -> Firm Performance | 0.108 | 0.107 | 0.024 | 4.464 | 0 |
| Smart City and Smart Product -> Production and Services -> Firm Performance | 0.094 | 0.093 | 0.02 | 4.819 | 0 |
CR and convergent validity
| C | CR | AVE | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyber-Physical Systems | 0.948 | 0.95 | 0.959 | 0.795 |
| Effective Technology Implementation | 0.919 | 0.929 | 0.937 | 0.713 |
| Firm Performance | 0.965 | 0.966 | 0.971 | 0.829 |
| Interoperability | 0.897 | 0.914 | 0.925 | 0.713 |
| Production and Services | 0.942 | 0.942 | 0.954 | 0.776 |
| Smart City and Smart Product | 0.942 | 0.943 | 0.954 | 0.777 |
Direct effect results
| (O) | (M) | SD | T S | P V | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyber-Physical Systems -> Production and Services | 0.053 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 2.647 | 0.004 |
| Effective Performance Technology Implementation -> Firm | 0.093 | 0.092 | 0.0026 | 35.794 | 0 |
| Interoperability -> Production and Services | 0.532 | 0.531 | 0.061 | 8.721 | 0 |
| Production and Services -> Firm Performance | 0.203 | 0.201 | 0.037 | 5.544 | 0 |
| Smart City and Smart Product -> Production and Services | 0.464 | 0.462 | 0.058 | 8.064 | 0 |
Studies on interoperability
| R | P |
|---|---|
| Interoperability of Industry 4.0 | Berre et al. (2007) |
| D. Chen et al. (2008) | |
| Gorkhali & Xu (2016) | |
| Geraci et al. (1991) | |
| Lu (2017) | |
| Romero & Vernadat (2016) | |
| Smirnov et al. (2013) | |
| Sowell (2006) |
Moderation Effect
| (O) | (M) | SD | T S | P V | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderating Effect 1 -> Production and Services | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.037 | 0.103 | 0.918 |
| Moderating Effect 2 -> Production and Services | 0.059 | 0.059 | 0.03 | 1.961 | 0.05 |
| Moderating Effect 3 -> Production and Services | 0.037 | 0.033 | 0.01 | 3.7 | 0 |
Studies on Smart City
| R | P |
|---|---|
| Smart City of Industry 4.0 | Lasi, Fettke, Kemper, Feld & |
| Hoffmann (2014) | |
| Lom et al. (2016) | |
| Tang (2015) | |
| Roblek et al. (2016) |