Figure 1:
Figure 1:
Respondents’ Socio-demographic Profile (N=604)
| Characteristics | N | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Male | 317 | 52.4 |
| Female | 287 | 47.6 |
| Age | ||
| < 25 | 170 | 28.1 |
| 25–40 | 241 | 39.8 |
| 41 and above | 193 | 32.1 |
| Educational level | ||
| High school | 141 | 23.2 |
| First degree | 293 | 48.2 |
| Postgraduate | 170 | 28.6 |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 216 | 35.8 |
| Not Married | 175 | 29.1 |
| Ever-married | 213 | 35.1 |
| Nationality | ||
| Domestic | 315 | 52.1 |
| International | 289 | 47.9 |
Tourist Satisfaction Levels With Beach Destination/Attributes
| Variables | % of Satisfaction | Mean | Std. D |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amenities & Services | |||
| Quality of food services | 43.2 | 3.04 | 1.02 |
| Hygiene at the beach areas | 54.2 | 2.33 | 1.01 |
| Accommodation/room | 54.1 | 2.32 | 1.23 |
| Safety and security at the beaches (including lifeguards) | 51.3 | 2.94 | 0.91 |
| Day/Night beach entertainment | 46.2 | 3.12 | 0.96 |
| Availability and quality of facilities for recreation | 45.1 | 3.41 | 0.21 |
| Quality and quantity of sitting spaces | 40.2 | 3.93 | 0.82 |
| Availability of expected places of convenience (urinals and toilets) | 56.1 | 2.31 | 0.98 |
| Availability of enough shaded areas/umbrellas | 38.6 | 3. 82 | 0.54 |
| Maintenance/cleanliness of beach toilets and urinals | 40.4 | 3.21 | 0.24 |
| Designs/visual painting done at the beach | 53.1 | 2.81 | 0.89 |
| Cultural Elements | |||
| Availability of local food options at this beach (local drinks, palm wine, sobolo, mixed fruits | 60.2 | 2.10 | 0.99 |
| Bonfire/bonfire nights with songs | 71.1 | 1.69 | 1.58 |
| Traditional/local music | 65.2 | 1.62 | 1.32 |
| Interaction with local people at the beaches | 70.1 | 1.57 | 1.25 |
| Beach facility local/traditionally inspired | 80.2 | 1.43 | 1.34 |
| Historical/landmarks at the beach | 63.8 | 1.67 | 1.41 |
| Cultural/exhibition/Exhibits at the beach | 66.4 | 1.48 | 1.11 |
| Physical Features | |||
| Sand quality and cleanliness | 62.2 | 2.23 | 1.09 |
| Texture of beach sand | 69.1 | 2.41 | 1.04 |
| Beach water quality | 55.2 | 3.12 | 1.12 |
| Ocean breeze | 82.1 | 1.46 | 1.21 |
| Oceanic waves | 81.2 | 1.48 | 1.31 |
| Smell at this beach | 64.3 | 2.45 | 0.92 |
| Landscape | 59.1 | 2.33 | 0.65 |
| Colour of water | 54.2 | 2.48 | 0.95 |
| Colour of sand | 68.2 | 2.12 | 1.02 |
| Breezing palm trees at the beach | 67.4 | 2.34 | 0.98 |
| Beach view of sunrise or sunset | 69.2 | 2.41 | 1.03 |
| Intensity of beach waves | 71.2 | 2.13 | 1.04 |
| Beach Accessibility | |||
| Accessibility to beach destinations | 44.2 | 3.12 | 0.78 |
| Accessibility to facilities (accommodation, bar, washrooms) | 39.2 | 3.21 | 0.97 |
| Parking facilities at the beaches | 33.2 | 3.53 | 0.76 |
| Ease in undertaking various activities (hiking, swimming, sunbathing, etc.) | 55.2 | 2.69 | 1.02 |
| Proximity of accommodation to the beach | 42.1 | 3.42 | 0.89 |
| Accessibility for people with disabilities | 40.1 | 3.71 | 0.98 |
| Availability of signages for easy tour of the beach (safety signs) | 21.2 | 4.32 | 0.67 |
| Access within the beach area | 53.2 | 2.39 | 0.99 |
| Beach Comfort | |||
| Crowd level at this beach | 53.2 | 2.12 | 0.96 |
| Noise level at this beach | 63.1 | 1.98 | 1.03 |
| Comfortability of beach facilities (Seats, accommodation, cleanliness of beach, urinals, toilets) | 46.3 | 3.03 | 0.56 |
| Prices of overall services | 54.2 | 2.42 | 0.78 |
| Disability friendliness of facilities | 62.1 | 1.97 | 1.12 |
| Convenience with accessibility within the beach | 52.8 | 2.38 | 0.92 |
| Beach Recreation | |||
| Swimming | 44.1 | 3.12 | 0.89 |
| Beach Hiking | 58.2 | 2.34 | 0.92 |
| Beach & water sports (football, volleyball, etc.) | 60.2 | 2.13 | 1.01 |
| Sunbathing and relaxation | 61.1 | 2.32 | 0.78 |
| Music and dancing | 65.3 | 1.98 | 0.98 |
| Beach width and breadth for recreational activities | 82.2 | 1.26 | 0.92 |
| Picnic activities at the beach | 58.1 | 2.33 | 0.94 |
| Beach nature trails | 49.2 | 2.88 | 1.01 |
| Overall Score | 57.7 | 2.45 | 0.957 |
Factorial Structure of Tourist Satisfaction With Beach Destinations/Attributes
| Latent Factors and Variables | Factor Loading | Variance Explained (%) | Eigenvalue | Cronbach Alpha (Reliability) | Factor Mean |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amenities & Services–Factor 1 | 14.28 | 6.242 | 0.887 | 3.08 | |
| Quality of food services | 0.758 | ||||
| Hygiene at the beach areas | 0.681 | ||||
| Safety and security at the beaches (including lifeguards) | 0.53* | ||||
| Day/night beach entertainment | 0.583 | ||||
| Quality and quantity of sitting spaces | 0.631 | ||||
| Availability of expected places of convenience (urinals and toilets) | 0.578 | ||||
| Availability of shaded areas/umbrellas | 0.523* | ||||
| /Maintenance/cleanliness of beach toilets and urinals | 0.721 | ||||
| Cultural Elements – Factor 2 | 13.41 | 4.016 | 0.926 | 1.68 | |
| Availability of local food options at this beach (local drinks, palm wine, sobolo, mixed fruits | 0.891 | ||||
| Bonfire/Bonfire nights with songs | 0.782 | ||||
| Traditional/local music | 0.812 | ||||
| Interaction with local people at the beaches | 0.792 | ||||
| Beach facility local/traditionally inspired | 0.872 | ||||
| Physical Features – Factor 3 | 9.14 | 3.199 | 0.865 | 2.23 | |
| Sand quality and cleanliness | 0.673 | ||||
| Texture of beach sand | 0.652 | ||||
| Beach water quality and clarity | 0.581 | ||||
| Ocean breeze | 0.821 | ||||
| Oceanic waves | 0.843 | ||||
| Smell at this beach | 0.624 | ||||
| Landscape | 0.823 | ||||
| Colour of water | 0.562 | ||||
| Colour of sand | 0.689 | ||||
| Beach Accessibility – Factor 4 | 8.46 | 2.466 | 0.733 | 3.48 | |
| Accessibility of facilities (accommodation, bar, washrooms) | 0.671 | ||||
| Parking facilities at the beaches | 0.510* | ||||
| Ease in undertaking various activities (hiking, swimming, sunbathing, etc.) | 0.671 | ||||
| Proximity of accommodation to the beach | 0.523 | ||||
| Accessibility for people with disabilities | 0.781 | ||||
| Availability of signages for easy tour of the beach (safety signs) | 0.508 | ||||
| Beach Comfort – Factor 5 | 7.31 | 1.931 | 0.796 | 2.30 | |
| Crowd level at this beach | 0.781 | ||||
| Noise level at this beach | 0.829 | ||||
| Comfortability of beach facilities (Seats, accommodation, cleanliness of beach, urinals, toilets) | 0.623 | ||||
| Prices of overall services | 0.683 | ||||
| Disability friendliness of facilities | 0.783 | ||||
| Beach Recreation – Factor 6 | 7.21 | 1.217 | 0.894 | 2.38 | |
| Swimming | 0.781 | ||||
| Hiking and nature walks | 0.712 | ||||
| Beach & water sports (football, volleyball, etc.) | 0.829 | ||||
| Sunbathing and relaxation | 0.62 | ||||
| Music and dancing | 0.881 | ||||
| Total Variance Explained | 59.81% | (0.850) |
Beach Destination Satisfaction Factors by Socio-demographic Characteristics
| Socio-demographics | Beach Destination Satisfaction Factors (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Amenities & Services | Cultural Elements | Physical Attributes | Beach Accessibility | Beach Comfort | Beach Recreation | |
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 317 | 2.14 | 1.26 | 1.41 | 2.33 | 2.12 | 1.32 |
| Female | 287 | 2.48 | 1.43 | 1.50 | 2.65 | 2.22 | 1.42 |
| t = 2.22, | t = 2.74, | t = 1.81, | t = 2.21, | t = 2.16, | t = 1.26, | ||
| df = 2, | df = 2, | df = 2, | df = 2, | df = 2, | df = 2, | ||
| p = 0.212 | p = 0.004* | p= 0.247 | p =0.012* | p = 0.061 | p = 0.011* | ||
| Nationality | |||||||
| Domestic | 315 | 2.18 | 1.93 | 1.45 | 2.43 | 2.13 | 1.56 |
| International | 289 | 2.15 | 1.35 | 1.43 | 2.62 | 1.48 | 1.43 |
| t = 2.73, | t = 1.79, | t = 1.33, | t = 2.14, | t = 2.98, | t = 2.73, | ||
| df 2, | df = 2, | df = 2, | df = 2, | df = 2, | df = 2, | ||
| p = 0.465 | p = 0.021* | p = 0.123 | p= 0.013* | p= 0.002* | p = 0.058 | ||
| Education | |||||||
| High school | 141 | 2.21 | 1.46 | 2.22 | 2.31 | 2.43 | 1.94 |
| First degree | 293 | 2.12 | 1.49 | 2.31 | 2.45 | 2.32 | 1.67 |
| Postgraduate | 170 | 2.33 | 1.98 | 2.18 | 2.48 | 2.12 | 1.44 |
| F = 2.41, | F = 2.54, | F = 2.96, | F = 141, | F = 2.12, | F = 2.96, | ||
| df = 3, | df = 3, | df = 3, | df = 3, | df = 3, | df = 3, | ||
| p = 0.222 | p = 0.062 | p = 0.321 | p = 0.054 | p = 0.211 | p = 0.244 | ||
| Marital status | |||||||
| Married | 216 | 2.22 | 2.41 | 1.43 | 2.40 | 2.36 | 1.96 |
| Not married | 175 | 1.71 | 2.53 | 1.27 | 2.12 | 2.14 | 2.12 |
| Ever-married | 212 | 2.52 | 2.52 | 1.52 | 2.18 | 2.12 | 1.32 |
| F = 1.02, | F = 0.60, | F = 2.96, | F = 1.96, | F = 2.14, | F = 1.98, | ||
| df = 3, | df = 3, | df = 3, | df = 3, | df = 3, | df = 3, | ||
| p = 0.321 | p = 0. 548 | p = 0. 0.054 | p = 0.321 | p = 0.231 | p = 0.312 | ||
| Age | |||||||
| < 25 | 170 | 2.13 | 2.34 | 1.52 | 1.49 | 2.43 | 1.43 |
| 25–40 | 241 | 2.20 | 1.98 | 1.46 | 2.23 | 2.13 | 1.46 |
| 41 ≥ | 193 | 2.05 | 1.46 | 1.42 | 2.63 | 1.47 | 1.48 |
| F = 2.41, | F = 4.44, | F = 1.88, | F = 1.68, | F = 2.98, | F = 2.87, | ||
| df = 3, | df = 3, | df = 3, | df = 3, | df = 3, | df = 3, | ||
| p = 0.212 | p = 0.015* | p = 0.054 | p = 0.049* | p = 0.242 | p = 0.002* | ||