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Differences in local recreational activity by methods in urban-rural classes_ Negative percentage values indicate underestimation and positive values overestimation of the local recreation activity_
| Data source | Estimates for local recreational activity | Inner urban area | Outer urban area | Urban fringe | Rural area close to urban area | Local centre of rural area | Core rural area | Sparsely populated rural area |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Permanent population statistics | Total annual activity (n, million visits) | 242.2 | 155.0 | 84.4 | 31.8 | 54.3 | 73.4 | 41.3 |
| Average monthly activity (n, million visits) | 20.2 | 12.9 | 7.0 | 2.6 | 4.5 | 6.1 | 3.4 | |
| Average monthly populations based on grid data | Total annual activity (n, million visits) | 219.4 | 141.7 | 82.2 | 29.1 | 66.1 | 79.1 | 64.9 |
| Difference in activity during the whole year compared with permanent population statistics (%) | 9.4 | 8.6 | 2.6 | 8.3 | −21.8 | −7.7 | −57.1 | |
| Activity in January (n, million visits) | 16.1 | 10.3 | 5.7 | 2.1 | 3.9 | 5.1 | 3.2 | |
| Activity in July (n, million visits) | 18.3 | 12.0 | 7.7 | 2.5 | 7.9 | 8.4 | 9.4 | |
| Difference in activity between January and July (%) | −13.7 | −16.3 | −34.7 | −17.0 | −105.4 | −65.7 | −196.0 | |
| Average monthly populations based on mobile phone data | Total annual activity (n, million visits) | 200.7 | 140.2 | 79.6 | 30.7 | 61.6 | 78.6 | 62.2 |
| Difference in activity during the whole year compared with permanent population statistics (%) | 17.1 | 9.6 | 5.7 | 3.4 | −13.6 | −7.1 | −50.5 | |
| Difference in activity during the whole year compared with the average monthly populations of grid data (%) | 8.5 | 1.1 | 3.1 | −5.4 | 6.7 | 0.6 | 4.2 | |
| Activity in January (n, million visits) | 13.1 | 9.4 | 5.2 | 2.1 | 4.0 | 5.2 | 4.0 | |
| Activity in July (n, million visits) | 17.6 | 12.7 | 7.6 | 2.8 | 6.6 | 8.3 | 7.9 | |
| Difference in activity between January and July (%) | −34.0 | −34.6 | −44.2 | −35.0 | −65.8 | −57.8 | −97.7 |
Results from the regression analyses explain differences in local recreation activity between monthly average populations and average population in 2020 in mobile phone data (%)_
| Variable | Difference in January, SAR | Difference in March, SAR | Difference in July, SAR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Population density (100 inhabitants/km2) | 0.011 | −0.030 * | 0.036 * |
| Urban area (dummy) | −1.835 * | 1.021 | −8.077 *** |
| Sparsely populated rural area (dummy) | −2.175 ** | −1.904 | 7.756 *** |
| Rural area close to urban area (dummy) | 0.358 | −0.919 | −0.100 |
| Local centre of rural areas (dummy) | 0.371 | 1.230 | −0.602 |
| Water cover (%) | −0.067 *** | −0.104 *** | 0.203 *** |
| Forest cover (%) | −0.042 *** | −0.008 | 0.037 * |
| Second homes from land cover (%) | 0.222 * | 0.028 | 0.804 *** |
| Second homes (%) | −0.009 *** | −0.012 *** | 0.022 *** |
| Average value for zonation index | 4.826 ** | −4.781 * | 1.238 |
| Proportion of nature reserve from the total area (%) | 0.057 | 0.064 | −0.111 * |
| Distance to the city with over 50,000 inhabitants (km) | 34.499 *** | 47.828 *** | 0.377 |
| Distance to the city with over 200,000 inhabitants (km) | 8.540 ** | 2.753 | 35.106 *** |
| Distance to the primary school (km) | −0.280 *** | −0.612 *** | 1.140 *** |
| Availability of broadband (%) | 0.032 *** | 0.026 *** | −0.059 *** |
| Constant | −24.007 *** | 3,334 * | 12.513 *** |
| Lambda | 0.074 | 0.081 | 0.103 |
| Observations | 13358 | 13358 | 13358 |
| R2 (based on lm-model) | 0.062 | 0.104 | 0.476 |
| AIC | 112690 | 118580 | 116580 |
Description of the variables used in regression modelling_
| Row vector | Variable | Description | Data source, year |
|---|---|---|---|
| Category | Urban area (dummy) | Area belongs to urban area in urban-rural typology (coded as 1 if area belongs to category and 0 if not). | SYKE, 2018 |
| Category | Sparsely populated rural area (dummy) | Area belongs to sparsely populated rural area in urban-rural typology (coded as 1 if area belongs to category and 0 if not). | SYKE, 2018 |
| Category | Rural area close to urban area (dummy) | Area belongs to rural area close to urban area in urban-rural typology (coded as 1 if area belongs to category and 0 if not). | SYKE, 2018 |
| Category | Local centre of rural areas (dummy) | Area belongs to local centre of rural areas in urban-rural typology (coded as 1 if area belongs to category and 0 if not). | SYKE, 2018 |
| Land use | Water cover (%) | Proportion of water areas from the total surface of the grid. | CORINE, 2018 |
| Land use | Forest cover (%) | Proportion of forest areas from the total surface of the grid. | CORINE, 2018 |
| Land use | Second homes from land cover (%) | Proportion of leisure areas from the total surface of the grid. | CORINE, 2018 |
| Land use | Second homes (%) | Proportion of second homes from the total number of residential buildings in the grid. | YKR, 2020 |
| Land use | Average value for zonation index | Average value for zonation index in grid which indicates biodiversity value of the forests. The higher the numeric value is, the higher the biodiversity value is in the grid. | Zonation, 2018 |
| Land use | Proportion of nature reserve from the total area (%) | Proportion of nature reserves from the total surface of the grid. | CORINE, 2018 |
| Location | Distance to the city over 50,000 inhabitants (km) | Distance from the grid centroid to the nearest city over 50,000 inhabitants. Distance is calculated based on Digiroad (2018) network. | Own calculation, 2020 |
| Location | Distance to the city over 200,000 inhabitants (km) | Distance from the grid centroid to the nearest city over 200,000 inhabitants. Distance is calculated based on Digiroad (2018) network. | Own calculation, 2020 |
| Location | Distance to the primary school (km) | Distance from the grid centroid to the nearest primary school. Distance is calculated based on Digiroad (2018) network. | Own calculation, 2020 |
| Infrastructure | Availability of broadband (%) | Proportion of the population with access to broadband. | Traficom, 2020 |
| Population | Population density (100 inhabitants/km2) | Population density of area. | YKR, 2020 |