Tourism Sector: Evidence Of Business Dynamics in Portugal

Indicator	Formula	Analysis
FA (%)	$\frac{Equity}{Balance Sheet Total}$	Financial autonomy measures the part of the assets of the company that is financed by the company‘s own capital.
ROA (%)	$R O A = \frac{N e t P r o f i t}{T o t a l A s s e t s}$	ROA is the return of invested assets or profitability of assets, reflects firms‘ efficiency in utilizing total assets, holding constant firms‘ financing policy.
EBITDA (M€)	EBITDA= Net profit + Interest + + Profit Taxes + Depreciation + + Amortization	EBITDA measures the company‘s earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. It can be used to analyse and compare profitability between companies and industries because it eliminates the effects of financing and accounting decisions.
P (M€)	--	Current liabilities and long-term liabilities of the company. The obligations of the company in regard to others.
ROE (%)	$R O A = \frac{N e t P r o f i t}{T o t a l E q u i t y}$	ROE is the return of invested equity and profitability of own capital, i.e., represents returns to shareholders of common stocks.
TO (M€)	--	Business volume measures the firm‘s revenue.
NE	--	Number of people employed.

1 Source: Own elaboration

Number of Companies in Portugal and in the Tourism and Hospitality sector
*Source: Own elaboration based on Banco de Portugal (2023)*

Table 2:

Dimension of the companies in Portugal and the Portuguese TH sector

Year	Micro Companies %		Small Companies %		Medium Companies %		Large Companies %
Year	Total	TH sector	Total	TH sector	Total	TH sector	Total	TH sector
2011	88.14	90.94	10.05	8.02	1.55	0.91	0.26	0.14
2012	89.06	91.62	9.25	7.42	1.45	0.84	0.24	0.13
2013	89.61	91.84	8.75	7.18	1.41	0.85	0.24	0.13
2014	89.67	91.74	8.70	7.28	1.39	0.85	0.24	0.13
2015	89.5	91.21	8.85	7.76	1.4	0.91	0.24	0.13
2016	89.3	90.72	9.01	8.21	1.44	0.93	0.25	0.14
2017	89.16	90.45	9.09	8.37	1.49	1.04	0.26	0.14
2018	89.04	90.1	9.19	8.75	1.51	1.01	0.26	0.14
2019	89.08	90.24	9.15	8.58	1.49	1.04	0.27	0.13
2020	89.55	91.48	8.77	7.58	1.44	0.83	0.25	0.11
2021	89.56	91.56	8.72	7.55	1.46	0.8	0.26	0.1
2022	89.27	90.5	8.93	8.4	1.52	0.98	0.28	0.12

1 Source: Own elaboration based on Banco de Portugal (2023)

Tourism and Hospitality companies per subsegment of activity
*Source: Own elaboration based on Banco de Portugal (2023)*

Table 3:

Competitiveness indicators per subsegment

Indicator/Segment		2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
FA (%)	TH	26.32	24.18	24.41	25.23	27.10	27.73	29.38	29.76	30.24	24.7	27.49	31.09
	HR	25.97	21.7	20.41	21.41	23.63	26.7	28.56	30.66	32.77	29.89	30.8	33.33
	RCA	25.40	26.6	28.04	26.59	29.04	28.4	29.29	29.99	29.97	25.97	26.64	30.25
	TL	27.14	27.16	29.37	30.33	31.63	29.13	30.69	28.16	25.92	14.7	20.91	27.06
ROA (%)	TH	4.07	3.73	4.53	5.59	6.71	8.19	9.64	9.25	8.28	-2.83	2.44	9.55
	HR	1.31	-0.52	0.96	2.34	4.58	5.85	7.82	7.58	7.15	-2.26	4.78	8.71
	RCA	3.09	3.06	3.72	3.97	4.57	5.88	6.81	6.99	7.38	-2.45	3.1	9.68
	TL	10.5	10.12	10.06	10.65	10.33	12.4	13.29	12.75	10.51	-4	-2.58	11.12
EBITDA (M€)	TH	721.4	414.2	701.7	917.8	1,269.7	1687.9	2197.5	2275.8	2352.7	-551.3	1927.5	3671.5
	HR	244.8	-98.2	185.2	451	905.7	1241.8	1781.7	1896.3	1993.3	-656	1592.8	3159.3
	RCA	108.7	107	129.9	139.2	159.4	212.4	276.2	297	338.6	-110.4	147	511.2
	TL	1249	1304.2	1299.4	1,438.6	1,414.8	1710	1931	1871.9	1685.3	-624	-417.2	2123.3
P (M€)	TH	18,251.7	19,101.1	19477.8	19,242.7	19,437.9	19899.6	20645	21536.6	23441.7	25359.3	28547.9	29558
	HR	13,817.8	14,742.6	15302.7	15,126.8	15,099.5	15563	16285.9	17359.4	18744.4	20307.8	23067.1	24177.2
	RCA	2,625.9	2,568.3	2514.2	2,576.7	2,476.6	2586.8	2870.1	2976.8	3214.2	3332.1	3479.1	3683.6
	TL	8,664.1	9,384.6	9124.2	9,410.2	9,366.1	9770.1	10068.6	10551.2	11876.2	13293.7	12773.1	13930.9
ROE (%)	TH	-7.72	-11.26	-6.92	-3.37	1.61	6.51	10.47	9.51	7.19	-31.94	-8.73	12.51
	HR	-14.07	-26.02	-19.65	-12.69	-2.2	2.23	8.35	7.88	6.51	-20.57	1.64	12.05
	RCA	-10.54	-9.94	-5.26	-3.21	-1.87	2.48	5.8	5.31	6.66	-24.76	-5.56	14.51
	TL	2.6	5.62	5.82	5.97	6.54	13.57	14.82	13.83	8.86	-78.57	-41.42	13.06
TO (M€)	TH	16,676.9	15,894.1	16,351.4	17,349.8	18,545.6	20,402.4	23,786.6	26069.4	28007.8	14642.4	18,898.1	32,982.1
	HR	7,145.9	6,288.7	6,529	7,194.6	8,054.3	9,371.4	11,055.4	12036.4	13295.6	7580.5	9,915.4	16,775.6
	RCA	2,679.9	2,496.2	2,590.2	2,732.9	2,865	3,121.2	3,630.9	3973.8	4314.6	1361.1	2,022	4,584.8
	TL	6,851.1	7,109.3	7,232.1	7,422.2	7,626.3	7,909.8	9,100.2	10059.3	10397.5	5700.8	6,960.6	11,621.7
NE	TH	25,5204	243,375	243,547	250,795	268,811	288,756	315,100	338,174	365,269	338,702	335,448	384,196
	HR	19,3695	182,156	181,828	187,479	202,955	219,711	241,002	258,804	278,695	256,692	257,893	298,565
	RCA	20,649	19,944	20,155	20,497	22,853	24,419	27,576	30,581	32,225	29,902	28,689	32,586
	TL	40,859	41,275	41,564	42,819	43,003	44,626	46,522	48,789	54,349	52,108	48,866	53,045

1 Source: Own elaboration based on Banco de Portugal (2023)

Table 4:

Proportion of Number of Employees (NE) and Turnover (TO) by the size of companies

Year	Micro Companies %		Small Companies %		Medium Companies %		Large Companies %
Year	NE	TO	NE	TO	NE	TO	NE	TO
2011	40.22	21.97	28.22	23.45	15.68	16.82	15.88	37.77
2012	41.26	20.68	27.84	21.65	15.16	17.21	15.74	40.46
2013	40.8	20.57	27.31	21.8	15.6	16.89	16.29	40.75
2014	40.32	21	27.47	22.07	15.82	16.75	16.39	40.19
2015	39.23	21.35	28.28	22.68	16.27	17.02	16.22	38.95
2016	38.14	21.37	29.19	23.83	16.32	17.34	16.35	37.45
2017	36.92	21.05	29.21	23.34	17.35	17.26	16.52	38.35
2018	35.85	20.05	30.43	23.82	17.12	17.13	16.6	38.54
2019	35.70	21.42	30.01	23.19	17.69	18.06	16.6	37.33
2020	39.23	26.33	29.77	24.43	15.69	15.13	15.31	34.11
2021	39.57	26.38	30.42	25.07	15.74	16.11	14.27	32.45
2022	36.13	23.08	31.45	24.67	17.17	17.39	15.24	34.87

1 Source: Own elaboration based on Banco de Portugal (2023)

Table 5:

Companies‘ age gaps per number of companies, number of employees (NE) and turnover (TO)

Year	Up tp 5 years %			6-10 years %			11-20 years %			More than 20 years %
Year	TH	NE	TO	TH	NE	TO	TH	NE	TO	TH	NE	TO
2011	32.67	19.86	12.11	21.05	17.88	17.99	20.33	22.77	20.97	25.94	39.49	48.93
2012	33.72	20.3	11.42	15.39	15.15	14.44	25.76	25.57	24.21	25.13	38.98	49.93
2013	34.89	21.04	12.2	13.98	12.39	12.2	26.86	28.34	25.69	24.27	38.22	49.91
2014	35.57	21.55	13.02	14.97	13.01	12.85	25.31	27.33	24.98	24.15	38.11	49.15
2015	38.03	23.49	15.08	14.26	12.55	12.7	23.92	25.95	23.25	23.79	38.01	48.97
2016	40.6	25.62	15.53	13	11.14	9.31	23.14	25.8	25.87	23.26	37.44	49.29
2017	43.33	26.37	15.79	13.29	12.47	10.11	21.07	24.14	24.24	22.31	37.01	49.85
2018	46.12	27.13	15.68	13.14	13.23	10.8	19.62	22.85	23.34	21.12	36.78	50.18
2019	48.67	27.11	16.03	13.28	13.83	10.92	18.26	22.72	22.8	19.8	36.34	50.25
2020	47.4	24.75	16.39	14.96	15.66	12.36	17.4	20.86	23.06	20.24	38.74	48.19
2021	45.4	23.66	16.05	17.02	17.1	13.76	16.22	19.73	22.8	21.36	39.51	47.39
2022	45.67	22.95	14	18.1	18.23	14.32	13.72	18.91	18.76	22.51	39.91	52.92

1 Source: Own elaboration based on Banco de Portugal (2023)

Table 6:

Related Samples, Friedman‘s Two-Way Analysis of Variance by ranks test results

Indicator	Pairwise comparisons	P-value	Sub-hypotheses	Sub-hypotheses validation	Conclusion
FA	HR vs RCA HR vs TL RCA vs TL	SPSS indicates that the distribution of values in the subsegments is the same, forcing to retain the null hypothesis.	H_1A	Not validated
ROA	HR vs RCA HR vs TL RCA vs TL	0.683 0.008 0.025	H_1B	Partially validated
EBITDA	HR vs RCA HR vs TL RCA vs TL	0.041 0.414 0.004	H_1C	Partially validated
P	HR vs RCA HR vs TL RCA vs TL	0.000 0.014 0.043	H_1D	Validated	Partially validate H1
ROE	HR vs RCA HR vs TL RCA vs TL	0.307 0.008 0.102	H_1E	Partially validated
TO	HR vs RCA HR vs TL RCA vs TL	0.002 0.000 0.221	H_1F	Partially validated
NE	HR vs RCA HR vs TL RCA vs TL	0.000 0.014 0.014	H_1G	Validated

1 Source: Own elaboration

References

Authors

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ejthr-2024-0017 | Journal eISSN: 2182-4924 | Journal ISSN: 2182-4916

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Language: English

Page range: 231 - 244

Submitted on: Feb 1, 2024

Accepted on: Jul 1, 2024

Published on: Dec 31, 2024

Published by: Polytechnic Institute of Leiria

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

Keywords:

tourism sector,

business dynamics,

business structure,

business performance,

Portugal

Related subjects:

Business and economics,

Business management,

Business management, other,

Industries,

Tourism, hospitality, travel,

Event industry, leisure industry,

Sports and recreation,

Sports and recreation, other

© 2024 Vânia Costa, Raquel Pereira, Isabel Sofia Loureiro, Sara Campinho, Andreia Moura, Maria do Rosário Mira, Goretti Silva, Susana Silva, published by Polytechnic Institute of Leiria
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 14 (2024): Issue 2 (December 2024)

Tourism Sector: Evidence Of Business Dynamics in Portugal

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Table 6:

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