Figure 1:
Figure 2:
Figure 3:
Figure 4.
Reliability of the waterfront development variables
| Items | Item-Total Correlation | Cronbach's alpha |
|---|---|---|
| PROTECTION OF CULTURE | 0.932 | |
| Adequacy of cultural promotion. | 0.798 | |
| Competence of cultural spaces. | 0.826 | |
| The capability of contextual protection (historic and/or cultural heritage). | 0.849 | |
| Protection level of an existing unique culture. | 0.841 | |
| Festival opportunities in the place. | 0.788 | |
| Access to local foods. | 0.575 | |
| Access to local arts. | 0.764 | |
| Adequacy of art activities. | 0.704 | |
| TOLERANCES | 0.843 | |
| Welcoming level of the place. | 0.793 | |
| Sufficiency level of open-minded people. | 0.617 | |
| Freedom level. | 0.741 | |
| PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP | 0.884 | |
| Competence in consultancy and/or funds opportunities. | 0.766 | |
| Competence of collaborative discussion spaces for stakeholders. | 0.798 | |
| Adequacy of investment activities. | 0.760 | |
| CREATIVE ENVIRONMENT | 0.870 | |
| The capability of exhibition spaces. | 0.725 | |
| Suitability of performance areas. | 0.772 | |
| Adequacy of open and/or closed spaces which are motivating. | 0.757 | |
| CREATIVE ACTIVITY | 0.894 | |
| Sufficiency of creative ideas, which come true. | 0.780 | |
| Competence in creative work activities. | 0.809 | |
| The capability of creative actions. | 0.789 | |
| INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY | 0.934 | |
| Sufficiency of innovative ideas, which come true. | 0.780 | |
| Sufficiency of technological ideas, which come true. | 0.744 | |
| Adequacy of information tools for visitors. | 0.705 | |
| Existence of digital lighting systems. | 0.719 | |
| Existence of development areas. | 0.827 | |
| Existence of R&D areas. | 0.790 | |
| Existence of research areas. | 0.759 | |
| Existence of simulation areas. | 0.736 | |
| Existence of energy consumption via water. | 0.764 | |
| Access to the internet. | 0.558 | |
| AWARENESS | 0.888 | |
| Adequacy of motivated people to keep the place clean. | 0.784 | |
| Adequacy of motivated people to promote their art, music, and literature in the place. | 0.741 | |
| Adequacy of responsive people for their environment and society. | 0.823 | |
| QUALITY OF LIFE AND PHYSICAL COMFORT | 0.944 | |
| The efficiency of protection of natural spaces. | 0.670 | |
| Suitability of accessibility. | 0.684 | |
| Appropriateness of functional variety. | 0.795 | |
| Adequacy of architecture quality. | 0.701 | |
| Adequacy of urban design quality. | 0.749 | |
| Sufficiency of traffic, and access to the car park. | 0.720 | |
| Sufficiency of transportation. | 0.680 | |
| Possibility of relaxation. | 0.623 | |
| Adequacy of access for the disabled. | 0.734 | |
| Access to cycling. | 0.757 | |
| Access for pedestrians. | 0.690 | |
| Adequacy of safety. | 0.697 | |
| Suitability of urban furniture (sitting, lighting, shading, planting, etc.) and harmony between each other. | 0.704 | |
| Adequacy of cleanliness. | 0.738 | |
| Access to urban balconies (viewpoints). | 0.703 | |
| POLITICAL SUPPORT | 0.877 | |
| Sufficiency of rules and regulations, which adapted into the place. | 0.723 | |
| Competence of funds opportunities for the development of the place. | 0.824 | |
| Adequacy of political support for the arrangement of a platform for stakeholders and/or investors. | 0.743 | |
| SOCIAL COHESION | 0.955 | |
| Sufficiency of attractiveness. | 0.768 | |
| Existence of different age groups. | 0.893 | |
| Existence of different ethnicities. | 0.930 | |
| Existence of different education levels. | 0.910 | |
| Existence of different genders. | 0.881 | |
| DIVERSITY OF FUNCTION | 0.869 | |
| Adequacy of accommodation opportunities. | 0.627 | |
| Existence of water-based activities. | 0.640 | |
| Variety of activities. | 0.726 | |
| Access to the other functions. | 0.697 | |
| Access to recreational facilities. | 0.733 | |
| Sufficiency of shopping opportunities. | 0.608 | |
| Eligibility for sports activities. | 0.527 | |
| ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION | 0.868 | |
| Sufficiency of publicity of the environment. | 0.675 | |
| The efficiency level of increased visitor numbers. | 0.719 | |
| Adequacy of strategic and/or economic agreements with other cities. | 0.524 | |
Tukey HSD post-hoc test for Gender and Significant Variables
| LB — UP | Male | Female | Others | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Creative Environments | Male | - | −0.556 — −0.063 | −0.621 — 0.450 |
| Female | −0.310(0.027**) | - | −0.334 — 0.783 | |
| Others | −0.085(0.942) | 0.224(0.686) | - | |
| Social Cohesion | Male | - | −0.852 — −0.124 | −0.696 — 0.889 |
| Female | −0.488(0.017**) | - | −0.242 — 1.410 | |
| Others | 0.0960(0.966) | 0.584(0.313) | - | |
| Economic Contribution | Male | - | −0.600 — −0.086 | −0.574 — 0.543 |
| Female | −0.343(0.017**) | - | −0.255 — 0.910 | |
| Others | −0.016(0.998) | 0.328(0.478) | - | |
| Motivation of Entrepreneurs | Male | - | −0.595 — −0.058 | −1.109 — 0.059 |
| Female | −0.327(0.034**) | - | −0.807 — 0.411 | |
| Others | −0.525(0.155) | −0.198(0.781) | - | |
| Political Support/s | Male | - | −0.591 — −0.024 | −0.576 — 0.658 |
| Female | −0.308(0.067*) | - | −0.294 — 0.992 | |
| Others | 0.0410(0.990) | 0.349(0.504) | - | |
Correlation and HTMT ratios for waterfront development principles encourage creative individuals
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Creative Environments and Activities | 1 | 0.291 | 0.774 | 0.784 | 0.577 | 0.543 | 0.872 | 0.745 | 0.728 |
| Social Cohesion | 0.272*** | 1 | 0.381 | 0.442 | 0.522 | 0.443 | 0.258 | 0.407 | 0.425 |
| Quality of Life and Physical Comfort | 0.779*** | 0.395*** | 1 | 0.741 | 0.641 | 0.773 | 0.747 | 0.648 | 0.818 |
| Protection of Culture | 0.759*** | 0.415*** | 0.744*** | 1 | 0.591 | 0.574 | 0.769 | 0.740 | 0.693 |
| Economic Contribution | 0.554*** | 0.473*** | 0.634*** | 0.563*** | 1 | 0.561 | 0.507 | 0.588 | 0.705 |
| Diversity of Function | 0.528*** | 0.433*** | 0.761*** | 0.526*** | 0.535*** | 1 | 0.469 | 0.435 | 0.663 |
| Innovation and Technology | 0.843*** | 0.234*** | 0.740*** | 0.726*** | 0.483*** | 0.419*** | 1 | 0.674 | 0.660 |
| Motivation of Entrepreneurs | 0.741*** | 0.386*** | 0.667*** | 0.725*** | 0.557*** | 0.413*** | 0.664*** | 1 | 0.635 |
| Political Support/s | 0.720*** | 0.455*** | 0.838*** | 0.685*** | 0.650*** | 0.661*** | 0.650*** | 0.633*** | 1 |
Comparing Means of Creative Waterfront Variables with User Group, Gender, and Age
| Items | Mean | Std. Dev. | User Group | Gender | Age | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | Sig. | Effect size (η2) | F | Sig. | Effect size (η2) | F | Sig. | Effect size (η2) | |||
| Creative Environments and Activities | 2.02 | 0.842 | 1.131 | 0.337 | 0.014 | 3.361 | 0.036** | 0.027 | 1.621 | 0.155 | 0.033 |
| Social Cohesion | 3.18 | 1.249 | 4.131 | 0.007* | 0.049 | 4.010 | 0.019** | 0.032 | 1.281 | 0.273 | 0.026 |
| Quality of Life and Physical Comfort | 2.07 | 0.826 | 0.122 | 0.947 | 0.001 | 2.002 | 0.137 | 0.016 | 2.791 | 0.018** | 0.055 |
| Protection of Culture | 2.11 | 0.967 | 1.790 | 0.150 | 0.022 | 2.182 | 0.115 | 0.018 | 1.634 | 0.152 | 0.033 |
| Economic Contribution | 2.13 | 0.880 | 1.449 | 0.229 | 0.018 | 3.848 | 0.023** | 0.031 | 0.835 | 0.526 | 0.017 |
| Diversity of Function | 2.23 | 1.022 | 0.270 | 0.847 | 0.003 | 2.371 | 0.096* | 0.019 | 2.349 | 0.042** | 0.046 |
| Innovation and Technology | 1.87 | 0.855 | 0.831 | 0.478 | 0.010 | 1.181 | 0.309 | 0.010 | 3.651 | 0.003** | 0.070 |
| Motivation of Entrepreneurs | 2.26 | 0.922 | 0.498 | 0.684 | 0.006 | 4.323 | 0.014** | 0.034 | 2.198 | 0.055* | 0.044 |
| Political Support/s | 2.22 | 0.967 | 0.343 | 0.794 | 0.004 | 2.604 | 0.076* | 0.021 | 2.254 | 0.050* | 0.045 |
Final EFA for waterfront development principles encouraging creative individuals
| Factors | Items | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Creative Environments and Activities | Sufficiency of creative ideas, which comes true. | 0.823 | ||||||||
| Competence in creative work activities. | 0.866 | |||||||||
| The capability of creative actions. | 0.880 | |||||||||
| The capability of exhibition spaces. | 0.707 | |||||||||
| Suitability of performance areas. | 0.945 | |||||||||
| Adequacy of open and/or closed spaces, which are motivating. | 0.934 | |||||||||
| Sufficiency of innovative ideas, which comes true. | 0.666 | |||||||||
| Sufficiency of technological ideas, which comes true. | 0.599 | |||||||||
| Adequacy of information tools for visitors. | 0.614 | |||||||||
| Existence of digital lighting systems. | 0.508 | |||||||||
| Social Cohesion | Sufficiency of attractiveness. | 0.761 | ||||||||
| Existence of different age groups. | 0.948 | |||||||||
| Existence of different ethnicities. | 0.974 | |||||||||
| Existence of different education levels. | 0.944 | |||||||||
| Existence of different genders. | 0.946 | |||||||||
| Welcoming level of the place. | 0.634 | |||||||||
| Sufficiency level of open-minded people. | 0.428 | |||||||||
| Freedom level. | 0.723 | |||||||||
| Quality of Life and Physical Comfort | The efficiency of protection of natural spaces. | 0.484 | ||||||||
| Suitability of accessibility. | 0.722 | |||||||||
| Appropriateness of functional variety. | 0.608 | |||||||||
| Adequacy of architecture quality. | 0.670 | |||||||||
| Adequacy of urban design quality. | 0.458 | |||||||||
| Sufficiency of traffic, and access to the car park. | 0.762 | |||||||||
| Sufficiency of transportation. | 0.865 | |||||||||
| Possibility of relaxation. | 0.587 | |||||||||
| Adequacy of access for disabled. | 0.625 | |||||||||
| Access to cycling. | 0.692 | |||||||||
| Access for pedestrians. | 0.731 | |||||||||
| Adequacy of safety. | 0.657 | |||||||||
| Suitability of urban furniture (sitting, lighting, shading, planting, etc.) and harmony between each other. | 0.406 | |||||||||
| Adequacy of cleanliness. | 0.510 | |||||||||
| Access to urban balconies (viewpoints). | 0.479 | |||||||||
| Protection of Culture | Adequacy of motivated people to keep the place clean. | 0.765 | ||||||||
| Adequacy of motivated people to promote their art, music, and literature in the place. | 0.499 | |||||||||
| Adequacy of responsive people for their environment and society. | 0.798 | |||||||||
| Adequacy of cultural promotion. | 0.856 | |||||||||
| Competence of cultural spaces. | 0.816 | |||||||||
| The capability of contextual protection (historic and/or cultural heritage). | 0.889 | |||||||||
| Protection level of an existing unique culture. | 0.720 | |||||||||
| Festival opportunities in the place. | 0.491 | |||||||||
| Economic Contribution | Sufficiency of publicity of the environment. | 0.414 | ||||||||
| The efficiency level of increased visitor numbers. | 0.788 | |||||||||
| Adequacy of strategic and/or economic agreements with other cities. | 0.755 | |||||||||
| The efficiency level of increased tourism and investment activities. | 0.751 | |||||||||
| Competence of employment opportunities. | 0.447 | |||||||||
| Diversity of Function | Adequacy of accommodation opportunities. | 0.880 | ||||||||
| Existence of water-based activities. | 0.692 | |||||||||
| Variety of activities. | 0.551 | |||||||||
| Access to the other functions. | 0.781 | |||||||||
| Access to recreational facilities. | 0.928 | |||||||||
| Eligibility for sports activities. | 0.649 | |||||||||
| Innovation and Technology | Existence of development areas. | 0.424 | ||||||||
| Existence of R&D areas. | 0.832 | |||||||||
| Existence of Research areas. | 0.718 | |||||||||
| Existence of Simulation areas. | 0.814 | |||||||||
| Existence of energy consumption via water. | 0.580 | |||||||||
| Motivation of Entrepreneurs | Competence of consultancy and/or funds opportunities. | 0.752 | ||||||||
| Competence of collaborative discussion spaces for stakeholders. | 0.697 | |||||||||
| Adequacy of investment activities. | 0.554 | |||||||||
| Political Support/s | Sufficiency of rules and regulations, which adapted into the place. | 0.545 | ||||||||
| Competence of funds opportunities for the development of the place. | 0.814 | |||||||||
| Adequacy of political support for the arrangement of a platform for stakeholders and/or investors. | 0.798 | |||||||||
Tukey HSD post-hoc test for user groups and significant variables
| LB — UP | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MD (Sig.) | ||||
| Social Cohesion | ||||
| 1. Creative Class | - | −0.645 — 0.348 | −0.637 — 0.265 | −1.392 — −0.286 |
| 2. Employees & Employers | −0.149(0.901) | - | −0.568 — 0.493 | −1.310 — −0.070 |
| 3. Students | −0.186(0.777) | −0.037(0.998) | - | −1.236 — −0.069 |
| 4. Others | −0.839(0.003**) | −0.690(0.053*) | −0.653(0.051*) | - |
CFA for waterfront development principles encouraging creative individuals
| Construct | Measurement Items | B | Beta | t-Value | CR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Creative Environments and Activities | Sufficiency of creative ideas, which comes true. | 1.000 | 0.816 | n/a | 0.940 |
| Competence in creative work activities. | 0.962 | 0.856 | 16.3*** | ||
| The capability of creative actions. | 0.976 | 0.853 | 16.246*** | ||
| The capability of exhibition spaces. | 0.926 | 0.804 | 14.876*** | ||
| Suitability of performance areas. | - | - | - | ||
| Adequacy of open and/or closed spaces which are motivating. | 0.974 | 0.810 | 17.227*** | ||
| Sufficiency of innovative ideas, which comes true. | 0.952 | 0.857 | 16.367*** | ||
| Sufficiency of technological ideas, which comes true. | 0.924 | 0.779 | 14.146*** | ||
| Adequacy of information tools for visitors. | 0.791 | 0.725 | 12.89*** | ||
| Existence of digital lighting systems. | - | - | - | ||
| Social Cohesion | Sufficiency of attractiveness. | 0.792 | 0.782 | 17.557*** | 0.949 |
| Existence of different age groups. | 0.935 | 0.926 | 27.922*** | ||
| Existence of different ethnicities. | 0.991 | 0.955 | 31.767*** | ||
| Existence of different education levels. | 1.000 | 0.940 | n/a | ||
| Existence of different genders. | 0.987 | 0.904 | 25.638*** | ||
| Welcoming level of the place. | - | - | - | ||
| Sufficiency level of open-minded people. | - | - | - | ||
| Freedom level. | 0.791 | 0.688 | 13.804*** | ||
| Quality of Life and Physical Comfort | The efficiency of protection of natural spaces. | - | - | - | 0.921 |
| Suitability of accessibility. | - | - | - | ||
| Appropriateness of functional variety. | 1.024 | 0.789 | 13.396*** | ||
| Adequacy of architecture quality. | - | - | - | ||
| Adequacy of urban design quality. | 1.000 | 0.776 | n/a | ||
| Sufficiency of traffic, and access to the car park. | 0.938 | 0.743 | 12.429*** | ||
| Sufficiency of transportation. | 0.883 | 0.678 | 11.148*** | ||
| Possibility of relaxation. | - | - | - | ||
| Adequacy of access for the disabled. | 1.029 | 0.777 | 13.119*** | ||
| Access to cycling. | 1.090 | 0.758 | 12.733*** | ||
| Access for pedestrians. | - | - | - | ||
| Adequacy of safety. | - | - | - | ||
| Suitability of urban furniture (sitting, lighting, shading, | 1.053 | 0.750 | 11.237*** | ||
| planting, etc.) and harmony between each other. | |||||
| Adequacy of cleanliness. | 0.966 | 0.745 | 12.451*** | ||
| Access to urban balconies (viewpoints). | 1.024 | 0.746 | 12.495*** | ||
| Protection of Culture | Adequacy of motivated people to keep the place clean. | 0.779 | 0.717 | 14.116*** | 0.940 |
| Adequacy of motivated people to promote their art, music, and | - | - | - | ||
| literature in the place. | |||||
| Adequacy of responsive people for their environment and society. | 0.798 | 0.741 | 14.926*** | ||
| Adequacy of cultural promotion. | 0.941 | 0.880 | 20.894*** | ||
| Competence of cultural spaces. | 0.953 | 0.898 | 21.994*** | ||
| The capability of contextual protection (historic and/or cultural heritage). | 1.000 | 0.915 | n/a | ||
| Protection level of an existing unique culture. | 0.889 | 0.888 | 25.805*** | ||
| Festival opportunities in the place. | 0.734 | 0.763 | 15.751*** | ||
| Economic Contribution | Sufficiency of publicity of the environment. | - | - | - | 0.853 |
| The efficiency level of increased visitor numbers. | 1.004 | 0.800 | 11.745*** | ||
| Adequacy of strategic and/or economic agreements with other cities. | 1.000 | 0.745 | n/a | ||
| The efficiency level of increased tourism and investment activities. | 0.916 | 0.778 | 12.373*** | ||
| Competence of employment opportunities. | 1.308 | 0.752 | 10.965*** | ||
| Diversity of Function | Adequacy of accommodation opportunities. | - | - | - | 0.876 |
| Existence of water-based activities. | 1.000 | 0.812 | n/a | ||
| Variety of activities. | 1.064 | 0.950 | 15.315*** | ||
| Access to the other functions. | - | - | - | ||
| Access to recreational facilities. | - | - | - | ||
| Eligibility for sports activities. | - | - | - | ||
| Innovation and Technology | Existence of development areas. | 1.000 | 0.812 | n/a | 0.924 |
| Existence of R&D areas. | 1.011 | 0.882 | 16.577*** | ||
| Existence of research areas. | 1.019 | 0.827 | 15.265*** | ||
| Existence of simulation areas. | 0.948 | 0.860 | 14.135*** | ||
| Existence of energy consumption via water. | 0.937 | 0.824 | 14.948*** | ||
| Motivation of Entrepreneurs | Competence of consultancy and/or funds opportunities. | 1.000 | 0.842 | n/a | 0.885 |
| Competence of collaborative discussion spaces for stakeholders. | 0.952 | 0.857 | 16.026*** | ||
| Adequacy of investment activities. | 0.915 | 0.845 | 15.74*** | ||
| Political Support/s | Sufficiency of rules and regulations, which were adapted into the place. | 1.000 | 0.901 | n/a | 0.875 |
| Competence of funds opportunities for the development of the place. | 0.847 | 0.811 | 15.337*** | ||
| Adequacy of political support for the arrangement of a platform for stakeholders and/or investors. | 0.899 | 0.795 | 12.961*** | ||
Tukey HSD post-hoc test for Age and Significant Variables
| LB — UP | 18–24 | 25–34 | 35–44 | 45–54 | 55–64 | 65 & above |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MD (Sig.) | ||||||
| Diversity of Function | ||||||
| 18–24 | - | −0.914 — −0.014 | −0.731 — 0.216 | −0.813 — 0.401 | −0.813 — 0.846 | −0.534 — 1.441 |
| 25–34 | −0.464(0.082*) | - | −0.242 — 0.654 | −0.329 — 0.846 | −0.334 — 1.296 | −0.057 — 1.894 |
| 35–44 | −0.258(0.716) | 0.206(0.837) | - | −0.554 — 0.657 | −0.554 — 1.102 | −0.275 — 1.698 |
| 45–54 | −0.206(0.950) | 0.258(0.862) | 0.052(1.000) | - | −0.689 — 1.133 | −0.397 — 1.717 |
| 55–64 | 0.016(1.000) | 0.481(0.641) | 0.274(0.955) | 0.222(0.988) | - | −0.761 — 1.636 |
| 65 & above | 0.454(0.838) | 0.918(0.143) | 0.712(0.417) | 0.660(0.582) | 0.438(0.933) | - |
| Innovation and Technology | ||||||
| 18–24 | - | −0.629 — 0.115 | −0.287 — 0.496 | −0.161 — 0.842 | −0.263 — 1.107 | −0.352 — 1.279 |
| 25–34 | −0.257(0.468) | - | −0.009 — 0.732 | 0.112 — 1.082 | 0.006 — 1.352 | −0.085 — 1.526 |
| 35–44 | 0.105(0.982) | 0.362(0.115) | - | −0.264 — 0.736 | −0.367 — 1.001 | −0.456 — 1.174 |
| 45–54 | 0.340(0.488) | 0.597(0.019**) | 0.236(0.823) | - | −0.671 — 0.834 | −0.750 — 0.996 |
| 55–64 | 0.422(0.597) | 0.679(0.095*) | 0.317(0.833) | 0.081(1.000) | - | −0.948 — 1.032 |
| 65 & above | 0.464(0.677) | 0.720(0.186) | 0.359(0.861) | 0.123(0.999) | 0.042(1.000) | - |