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Perceived pollution at the beaches
| Statement | % In Agreement | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plastics/rubber/butts at the beach | 86.7 | 4.35 | 0.98 |
| Material liquids and waste items at the beach | 52.4 | 3.52 | 1.19 |
| Dead birds/fish/wildlife at the beach | 50.8 | 3.43 | 1.29 |
| Human/animal excreta/faeces at the beach | 31.0 | 2.99 | 1.16 |
| Ideal beach sand colour changed | 60.9 | 3.68 | 1.02 |
| Ideal beach water colour changed | 71.8 | 3.92 | 1.04 |
| Pesticides/insecticide packs and sachets | 50.8 | 3.42 | 1.27 |
| Smell and some odour in the beach area | 69.0 | 4.21 | 1.03 |
| Moving debris and rubble in beach water | 84.9 | 3.78 | 1.11 |
| Pieces of clothes and undergarments | 31.5 | 2.98 | 1.17 |
| Loss of ideal hygienic/clean beach are | 78.0 | 4.00 | 1.10 |
| Beach/marine litter/trash cans around the beach | 79.3 | 4.10 | 0.98 |
| Murky and dirty scenery | 75.7 | 3.94 | 1.04 |
| Threads, ropes, wires, inks and electric cables | 73.2 | 3.67 | 1.17 |
| Glasses and ceramic fragments | 72.3 | 3.59 | 1.02 |
| Pieces of wood, cardboard | 64.6 | 3.41 | 1.26 |
| Poor handling of beach waste | 79.3 | 4.07 | 1.04 |
| Total scores | 65.4 | 3.71 | 1.11 |
Structural dimensions factors of beach user recreational experiences
| Factors | Factor Loading | Eigenvalue | Variance Explained (%) | Cronbach's alpha | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | Practical (escapist) Experience | 8.54 | 47.31 | 0.914 | |
| The cleanliness of this beach for leisure activities fascinates me | 0.824 | ||||
| The beach features motivated me to engage in beach activities | 0.818 | ||||
| This beach's condition was emotionally reviving for me | 0.742 | ||||
| This beach provided me with a good sense of inner harmony | 0.735 | ||||
| I won't switch up this beach's recreational opportunities for any others | 0.685 | ||||
| I felt at ease/comfortable using this beach for various activities | 0.651 | ||||
| The beach persistently inspired me to use it | 0.649 | ||||
| This beach became especially appealing to me for my beach activities | 0.579 | ||||
| II | Exciting (Excitement) Experience | 2.52 | 13.98 | 0.881 | |
| I had a great time with all the fun activities on a beautiful beach | 0.809 | ||||
| Participating in many activities on this beach makes me cheerful | 0.790 | ||||
| I got nonstop affection for this beach and its recreational offerings | 0.746 | ||||
| I love how inviting this beach is | 0.743 | ||||
| I'm in awe of how great this beach is for a variety of activities | 0.628 | ||||
| I had unique leisure opportunities on this beach | 0.598 | ||||
| I felt serene/relieved of built-up mental pressure here on this beach | 0.573 | ||||
| III | Aesthetic Experience | 1.22 | 6.67 | 0.902 | |
| I'm happy to be here on this beautiful beach | 0.933 | ||||
| I enjoyed the pleasure of visiting a beach like this | 0.918 | ||||
| My enthusiasm for using this beach for my activities is high | 0.881 | ||||
| Overall variance explained | 67.96 | ||||
Respondents' socio-demographic characteristics
| Variables | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Male | 129 | 41.7 |
| Female | 180 | 58.3 |
| Age | ||
| <25 | 112 | 36.2 |
| 26–34 | 124 | 40.1 |
| 35> | 73 | 23.7 |
| Educational level | ||
| High school | 48 | 15.5 |
| Tertiary | 261 | 84.5 |
| Marital status | ||
| Single | 244 | 79.0 |
| Ever-married | 65 | 21.0 |
| Nationality | ||
| Domestic | 223 | 72.2 |
| International | 86 | 27.8 |
| Continent of origin | ||
| Africa | 237 | 76.7 |
| Europe | 45 | 14.6 |
| North America | 20 | 6.5 |
| Australasia | 7 | 2.3 |
Recreational experience by socio-demographic characteristics
| Recreational Experience (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographics | N | Practical | Exciting | Aesthetic |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 129 | 2.13 | 2.60 | 1.41 |
| Female | 180 | 2.15 | 2.43 | 1.50 |
| t=−2.29, df=2, p=0.767 | t=2.74, df=2, p =0.006* | t=−1.15, df=2, P=0.247 | ||
| Education | ||||
| High school | 48 | 2.08 | 2.63 | 1.34 |
| Tertiary | 261 | 2.15 | 2.48 | 1.48 |
| t=−0.73, df=2, p=0.465 | t=1.79, df=2, p=0.074 | t=−1.39, df=2, p=0.164 | ||
| Nationality | ||||
| Domestic | 223 | 1.97 | 2.55 | 1.46 |
| International | 86 | 2.21 | 2.48 | 1.46 |
| t=−0.73, df=2, p =0.002* | t=1.02, df=2, p=0.305 | t=−0.08, df=2, p=0.935 | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 244 | 2.55 | 2.49 | 1.46 |
| Ever married | 65 | 1.84 | 2.54 | 1.48 |
| t=4.52, df=2 p=0.000* | t=−0.60, df=2 p=0. 548 | t=−0.22, df=2 P=0.821 | ||
| Age | ||||
| <25 | 122 | 2.13 | 2.39 | 1.48 |
| 26–34 | 124 | 2.20 | 2.59 | 1.46 |
| 36+ | 73 | 2.05 | 2.53 | 1.42 |
| F=141, df=3 p=0.244 | F=4.30, df=3, p=0.014* | F=0.18, df=3 p=0.831 | ||
| Continent | ||||
| Africa | 237 | 2.17 | 2.47 | 1.47 |
| Europe | 45 | 2.10 | 2.63 | 1.35 |
| North America | 20 | 1.74 | 2.43 | 1.46 |
| Australasia | 7 | 2.54 | 2.85 | 1.76 |
| F=3.72, df=3, p=0.012* | F=2.10, df=3 p=0.099 | F=0.96, df=3, p=0.409 | ||
Recreational Experience of Beach Users
| Experience statement | Percentage in agreement | Mean | Std. deviation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Excitement | |||
| I'm happy to be here on this beautiful beach | 11.7 | 2.22 | 0.98 |
| I enjoyed the pleasure of visiting a beach like this | 13.6 | 2.22 | 0.98 |
| My enthusiasm for using this beach for my activities is high | 16.2 | 2.47 | 1.00 |
| Participating in many activities on this beach makes me cheerful | 67.3 | 3.69 | 0.96 |
| I had a great time with all the fun activities on this beach | 68.6 | 3.70 | 0.93 |
| I felt at ease/comfortable using this beach for various activities | 44.7 | 3.28 | 1.09 |
| On this beautiful beach, I'm filled with joy | 27.9 | 2.79 | 1,02 |
| Total Score | 35.7 | 2.91 | 0.99 |
| Experiential affection | |||
| I got nonstop affection for this beach and its recreational offerings. | 38.9 | 3.06 | 1.06 |
| I had unique leisure opportunities on this beach | 51.1 | 3.40 | 1.02 |
| This beach became especially appealing to me for my beach activities. | 73.1 | 3.77 | 0.88 |
| I won't switch up this beach's recreational opportunities for any others. | 25.2 | 2.84 | 1.02 |
| This beach remains my ideal destination to visit | 25.1 | 3.02 | 1.10 |
| Total score | 42.7 | 3.28 | 1.01 |
| Admirations | |||
| I love how inviting this beach is | 62.1 | 3.60 | 0.94 |
| The cleanliness of this beach for leisure activities fascinates me. | 30.1 | 2.75 | 1.16 |
| The beach persistently inspired me to use it | 51.8 | 3.06 | 0.94 |
| I'm in awe of how great this beach is for a variety of activities | 52.3 | 3.10 | 0.96 |
| The beach features motivated me to engage in beach activities | 39.3 | 2.83 | 1.02 |
| This beach's scenery is merely admirable. | 32.1 | 2.07 | 1.06 |
| Total score | 44.1 | 2.90 | 1.01 |
| Rest and relaxation | |||
| I felt serene/relieved of built-up mental pressure here on this beach | 69.3 | 3.75 | 1.01 |
| This beach's condition was emotionally reviving for me. | 59.2 | 3.51 | 1.03 |
| This beach provided a good sense of inner harmony | 55.0 | 3.47 | 1.04 |
| There are ideal places for rest here on this beach | 69.3 | 3.76 | 1.00 |
| Total score | 63.2 | 3.62 | 1.02 |