A case study for a transformational festival creation in Lourinhã, Portugal

Theme	Authors
Festival tourism	Cudny (2016); Cudny (2013); Falassi (1987); Getz & Page (2016); Getz (2010); Getz (2008); Mohr (2017); Quinn (2006); Tighe (1986); Tighe (1985).
The core phenomenon: experiences and meanings	Biaett (2013); Getz & Page (2016); Getz (2010); Getz (2008); Hastings (2015); Morgan (2007); Turner (1974).
Political and social/cultural meanings and discourse; social change	Crespi-Vallbona & Richards (2007); Getz (2008); Gotham (2005); Jackson (1988); Quinn (2003); Sharpe (2008); Waterman (1998).
Authenticity (identity, commercialisation, commodification)	Biaett (2013); Chhabra (2005); Chhabra, Healy & Sills (2003); Cohen (1988); Elias-Varotsis (2006); Getz (2008); Matheson (2005).
Community, culture, place identity, and attachment	Davis & Martin (2014); De Bres & Davis (2001); Derrett (2003); Getz (2010).
Communitas, social cohesion, sociability	Biaett (2013); Hastings (2015); Matheson (2005); Turner (1974); Turner (1969).
Festivity, liminality, the carnivalesque	Abrahams (1987); Biaett (2015); Flinn & Frew (2013); Getz (2010); Getz (2008); Ravenscroft & Matteucci (2003); Turner (1983); Turner (1974).
Rites and rituals; religion	Abrahams (1987); Addo (2009); Falassi (1987); Nygren (2007); Turner (1974).
Pilgrimage	Getz & Page (2016); Matthews (2016); Nolan & Nolan (1992).
Myths and symbols	Bottorff (2015); Quinn (2003); Turner (1974); Turner (1969).
Spectacle	Addo (2009); Crespi-Vallbona & Richards (2007); Gotham (2005).
Motivations and constraints	Reic (2017).

Table 2:

Transformational festivals theoretical support – main works by theme (own elaboration)

Theme		Authors
The core phenomenon	Concept	TEDxTalks (2011); Mohr (2017); Ruane (2017); Taylor (2015).
	Transformation	Bannerman (2016); Bottorff (2015); Mohr (2017); St. John & Baldini (2012).
	Transformational experiences	Bannerman (2016); Bottorff (2015); Mohr (2017); Reic (2017); Taylor (2015).
Political and social/cultural meanings and discourses; social change		Bannerman (2016); Connell (n.d.); Howard (2014); Mohr (2017); Taylor (2015); Yeganegy (2012).
Authenticity (identity, commercialisation, commodification)		Flinn & Frew (2013); Gauthier (2013); Ruane (2017); St. John (2015); Yeganegy (2012).
Community, culture, place identity and attachment		Bannerman (2016); Mohr (2017); St. John (2015); Taylor (2015).
Communitas, social cohesion, sociability		Bannerman (2016); Hastings (2015); Mohr (2017); St. John (2015).
Festivity, liminality, the carnivalesque		Biaett (2015); Flinn & Frew (2013); Gauthier (2013); St. John (2015); St. John & Baldini (2012); St. John (2011); Yeganegy (2012).
Rites and rituals; religion		Bannerman (2016); Bottorff (2015); Gauthier (2013); Hastings (2015); Mohr (2017); Ruane (2017); St. John & Baldini (2012); Yeganegy (2012).
Pilgrimage		Mohr (2017); St. John & Baldini (2012); Bottorff (2015); Yeganegy (2012).
Myths and symbols		Bottorff (2015); Flinn & Frew (2013); Taylor (2015).
Spectacle		Bannerman (2016); Mohr (2017); Schmidt (2015); St. John & Baldini (2012); Yeganegy (2012).
Motivations		Bennett, Taylor & Woodward (2016); Bottorff (2015); Gauthier (2013); Hastings (2015); Mohr (2017); St. John (2015); St. John & Baldini (2012); Yeganegy (2012).

H1 – Participation abroad by TF participation (own elaboration)

H1 – TF participation by external participation (own elaboration)

H2 – Brand rejection by TF participation (own elaboration)

H3 – Venue preference by TF participation (own elaboration)

H4 – Electronic music preference by TF participation (own elaboration)

Participation in TF by stereotype identification (own elaboration)

H6 – Transformational festivals CSF (own elaboration)

Table 3:

Spiritualists’ critical success factors (own elaboration)

CSF	S - NS	Chi-square (X² (1))	p	Mdn (S - NS)	Mann-Whitney (U)	p
Alternatives to new experiences/alternative activities	4.3%–0.0%	11.349	0.001	162.14–155.5	5962.5	0.001
Outdoor space – welcoming	4.3%–0.4%	6.304	0.012	161.64–155.59	5986	0.012
Food conditions
Party
Personal taste
Organisation image
Informality
Message that transmits	2.1%–0.0%	5.656	0.017	159.32–156	6095	0.018
Where one feels at home
Temporal period
Performers
Being outside the box
Show type
Costs	4.3%–0.8%	3.865	0.049	161.14–155.68	6009.5	0.05

1 Note: S – Spiritualist; NS – Non-spiritualist

Table 4:

Hippies’ critical success factors (own elaboration)

CSF	H – NH	Chi-square (X² (1))	p	Mdn (H – NH)	Mann-Whitney (U)	p
Food conditions
Festival philosophy
Festival ideology
Rural location	7.1%–0.0%	21.354	0.000	167.14–156.05	1937	0.000
Option of preference at the moment
Local sustainability
Accessibility Musicians	7.1%–0.3%	9.729	0.002	166.64–156.02	1944	0.002
Toilet conditions	7.1%–0.7%	5.881	0.015	166.14–156.05	1951	0.015
Music/musical offer	35.7%–14.8%	4.433	0.035	187.71–155.03	1649	0.036
Conditions	7.1%–1.0%	3.978	0.046	165.64–156.07	1958	0.046

1 Note: H – Hippie; NH – Non-hippie

Table 5:

Artistics’ critical success factors (own elaboration)

CSF	A - NA	Chi-square (X² (1))	p	Mdn (A - NA)	Mann-Whitney (U)	p
Alternatives to new experiences/alternative activities
Overnight stay/accommodation conditions	3.4%–0.0%	8.815	0.003	160.88–155.5	7112	0.003
Event quality
Value
Spirit
Festival philosophy
Festival ideology
Environmental logistics
Message that transmits	1.7%–0.0%	4.393	0.036	158.69–156	7239	0.036
Cultural offer
Temporal period
Beach
Noise

1 Note: A – Artistic; NA – Non-artistic

Table 6:

Ravers’ critical success factors (own elaboration)

CSF	R - NR	Chi-square (X² (1))	p	Mdn (R - NR)	Mann-Whitney (U)	p
The option of preference at the moment	7.1%–0.0%	21.354	0.000	167.14–156	1937	0.000
Organisation	7.1%–0.7%	5.881	0.015	166.14–156.05	1951	0.015

1 Note: R – Ravers; NR – Non-ravers

Table 7:

Generation X’s critical success factors (own elaboration)

CSF	X - NX	Chi-square (X² (1))	p	Mdn (X - NX)	Mann-Whitney (U)	p
Venue commodities
Fewer people than big festivals
Offer	5.9%–0.0%	17.409	0.000	165.18–156	2360	0.000
Possibility to see all the artists and not simultaneously
Show type
Availability
Landscape	5.9%–0.3%	7.755	0.005	164.68–156.03	2368.5	0.005
Musicians
Organisation	5.9%–0.7%	4.572	0.033	164.18–156.06	2377	0.033

1 Note: X – Generation X; NX – Non-Generation X

References

Authors

Metrics

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ejthr-2022-0003 | Journal eISSN: 2182-4924 | Journal ISSN: 2182-4916

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Language: English

Page range: 46 - 60

Submitted on: Nov 15, 2020

Accepted on: Dec 12, 2021

Published on: Dec 31, 2022

Published by: Polytechnic Institute of Leiria

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

Keywords:

strategic assessment,

events,

festivals,

transformational festivals

Related subjects:

Business and economics,

Business management,

Business management, other,

Industries,

Tourism, hospitality, travel,

Event industry, leisure industry,

Sports and recreation,

Sports and recreation, other

© 2022 João Malho Ferreira Ribeiro de Carvalho, Nuno Gustavo, Victor Afonso, published by Polytechnic Institute of Leiria
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 12 (2022): Issue 1 (December 2022)

A case study for a transformational festival creation in Lourinhã, Portugal

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