References
- Acharya, Amitav. “After Liberal Hegemony: The Advent of a Multiplex World Order.” Ethics and International Affairs 31, no. 3 (2017): 271–285. https://doi.org/10.1017/S089267941700020X.
- Acharya, Amitav, Alicia Estevadeordal, and L. W. Goodman. “Multipolar or Multiplex? Interaction Capacity, Global Cooperation and World Order.” International Affairs 99, no. 6 (2023): 2339–2365. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiad242.
- Akhmetkali, Aibarshyn. “Kazakhstan and EU Agree to Strengthen Cooperation in Trade, Energy, Digital, and Logistics During EU Top Official Josep Borrell’s Visit.” The Astana Times. November 17, 2022. https://astanatimes.com/2022/11/kazakhstan-andeu-agree-to-strengthen-cooperation-in-trade-energy-digital-and-logistics-during-eu-top-official-josep-borrells-visit/.
- Ambrosio, Thomas. “Security Hedging After Nazarbayev? The Future of Kazakhstan’s Alignment with Russia.” In Understanding Kazakhstan’s 2019 Political Transition, edited by Jean-François Caron, 29–51. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4308-5_3.
- Ambrosio, Thomas. “Between Threat, Alliance, and Multivectorism: Kazakh-Russian Relations in the Wake of the Russo-Ukrainian War.” In A Revolt in the Steppe: Understanding Kazakhstan’s January Events of 2022, edited by Jean-François Caron, 25–52. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0783-0_3.
- Arynov, Zhanibek. “Changing Perceptions of the European Union in Central Asia.” CAIRN.INFO. 2022. https://shs.cairn.info/revuel-europe-en-formation-2018-1-page-61?lang=fr.
- Astakhov, Ilya. “Что делает Казахстан, чтобы не попасть под вторичные санкции.” Orda.kz. 2022. https://orda.kz/chtodelaet-kazahstan-chtoby-ne-popast-pod-vtorichnye-sankczii/.
- Barnett, Michael, and Raymond Duvall. “Power in International Politics.” International Organization 59, no. 1 (December 2005): 39–75. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818305050010.
- Clarke, Michael E. “Kazakhstan’s Multi-Vector Foreign Policy: Diminishing Returns in an Era of Great Power ‘Pivots’?” The ASAN Forum, April 9, 2015.
- Collins, Neil, and Kristina Bekenova. “Fuelling the New Great Game: Kazakhstan, Energy Policy and the EU.” Asia Europe Journal 15, no. 1 (2017): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-016-0451-4.
- Contessi, Nicola P. “Foreign and Security Policy Diversification in Eurasia: Issue Splitting, Co-Alignment, and Relational Power.” Problems of Post-Communism 62, no. 5 (2015): 299–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2015.1026788.
- Cooley, Alexander. Great Games, Local Rules: The New Great Power Contest in Central Asia. Oxford University Press, 2012.
- European Communities. The European Union and Central Asia: The New Partnership in Action. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2009. https://doi.org/10.2860/28903.
- Emerging Europe. “Kazakhstan’s Pivot Towards the West Sparks Investor Interest.” November 3, 2022. https://emerging-europe.com/analysis/kazakhstans-pivot-towards-the-west-sparks-investor-interest/.
- European Commission. The EU and Central Asia: New Opportunities for a Stronger Partnership (JOIN(2019) 9 final). European External Action Service, 2019. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/joint_communication_-_the_eu_and_central_asia_-_new_opportunities_for_a_stronger_partnership.pdf.
- European Commission. “European Commission Vice-President Dombrovskis Meets Kazakh Prime Minister Smailov to Advance Cooperation on Raw Materials and Renewable Hydrogen.” May 19, 2023. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_2815.
- European Council. “President Michel Visits Central Asia.” October 28, 2022. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/european-council/president/news/2022/10/28/20221028-pec-visits-central-asia/.
- European Parliament Think Tank. “EU-Central Asia Relations: Future Perspectives and Current State of Play.” March 15, 2024. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2024)762300.
- European Union & Republic of Kazakhstan. (2006). Memorandum of understanding and co-operation in the field of energy between the European Union and the Republic of Kazakhstan. https://circabc.europa.eu/ui/group/8f5f9424-a7ef-4dbf-b914-1af1d12ff5d2/library/594db016-ffef-4c4b-a2e7-d0b69e8bae51/details
- Fawn, Rick, Karolina Kluczewska, and Oleg Korneev. “EU–Central Asian Interactions: Perceptions, Interests and Practices.” Central Asian Survey 41, no. 4 (2022): 617-638. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2022.2134300.
- Gnedina, Elena. “’Multi-Vector’ Foreign Policies in Europe: Balancing, Bandwagoning or Bargaining?” Europe-Asia Studies 67, no. 7 (2015): 1007–1029. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2015.1066313.
- Goh, Evelyn. “Great Powers and Hierarchical Order in Southeast Asia: Analyzing Regional Security Strategies.” International Security 32, no. 3 (2008): 113–157.
- Gotev, Georgi. “Kazakh Official: We Will Not Risk Being Placed in the Same Basket as Russia.” Euractiv, March 29, 2022. https://www.euractiv.com/section/central-asia/interview/kazakh-official-we-will-not-risk-being-placed-in-the-same-basket-as-russia.
- Hanks, Reuel R. “‘Multi-Vector Politics’ and Kazakhstan’s Emerging Role as a Geo-Strategic Player in Central Asia.” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 11, no. 3 (September 2009): 257–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448950903152110.
- Jordaan, Eduard. “The Concept of a Middle Power in International Relations: Distinguishing between Emerging and Traditional Middle Powers.” Politikon 30, no. 2 (2003): 167–187.
- Kassenova, Nargis. The New EU Strategy Towards Central Asia: A View from the Region. Centre for European Policy Studies, 2008.
- Kassenova, Nargis. “Central Asia’s Balancing Act.” Asia Policy 18, no. 2 (2023): 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2023.0017
- KazTAG. “Samruk-Kazyna Promised to Withdraw from Projects That Violate Anti-Russian Sanctions.” KazTAG, 2022. https://kaztag.kz/en/news/samruk-kazyna-promised-to-withdraw-fromprojects-that-violate-anti-russian-sanctions
- Komilov, Alisher. “What Explains Growing European Engagement in Central Asia?” The Diplomat, November 21, 2022. https://thediplomat.com/2022/11/what-explains-growing-european-engagement-in-central-asia/
- Konopelko, Agnieszka. “Eurasian Economic Union: A Challenge for EU Policy towards Kazakhstan.” Asia Europe Journal 16, no. 1 (March 27, 2018): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-017-0480-7.
- Lillis, Joanna. “EU Taps Kazakhstan for Rare Earths, Green Hydrogen.” Eurasianet, November 7, 2022. https://eurasianet.org/eu-tapskazakhstan-for-rare-earths-green-hydrogen
- Lillis, Joanna. “Europe Woos Central Asia as Russia’s Appeal Wanes.” Eurasianet, November 18, 2022. https://eurasianet.org/europe-wooscentral-asia-as-russias-appeal-wanes 55 Lillis, Joanna. “In Turkey, Kazakhstan’s President Talks Trade and China Transport.” Eurasianet, May 12, 2022. https://eurasianet.org/in-turkeykazakhstans-president-talks-trade-and-china-transport
- Lillis, Joanna. “In Turkey, Kazakhstan’s President Talks Trade and China Transport.” Eurasianet, May 12, 2022. https://eurasianet.org/in-turkeykazakhstans-president-talks-trade-and-china-transport
- Locoman, Ecaterina, and Mihaela Papa. “Transformation of Alliances: Mapping Russia’s Close Relationships in the Era of Multivectorism.” Contemporary Security Policy 43, no. 2 (2021): 274–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2021.1994692.
- Long, Tom. “It’s Not the Size, It’s the Relationship: From ‘Small States’ to Asymmetry.” International Politics 54, no. 2 (2017): 144–160. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-017-0028-x.
- Long, Tom. “Small States, Great Power? Gaining Influence through Intrinsic, Derivative, and Collective Power.” International Studies Review 19, no. 2 (2017): 185–205. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viw040.
- Mallinson, Kate. “Russia’s Influence in Kazakhstan Increasing Despite the War in Ukraine.” Chatham House, February 16, 2024. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2024/02/russias-influence-kazakhstan-increasing-despite-war-ukraine.
- Mantel, Richard. “EU-Central Asia Relations in the Energy Sector with a Special Focus on Kazakhstan.” Natural Resources 375 (2015): 55–66. https://doi.org/10.3917/eufor.375.0055.45
- Martínez-García, Manuel A., Carlos Ramos-Carvajal, and Álvaro Cámara. “Consequences of the Energy Measures Derived from the War in Ukraine on the Level of Prices of EU Countries.” Resources Policy 83 (2023): 104114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.104114.
- Muratova, Madina, Huseyin Sadri, Zhanar Medeubayeva, and Aida Issayeva. “The EU and Kazakhstan in the Latest Geopolitical and Geoeconomic Conditions: New Dimensions of Partnership.” Journal of Eurasian Studies, (2023).
- Murtazashvili, Jennifer B., and Temur Umarov. “Nobody’s Backyard: A Confident Central Asia.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, September 2024. https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/09/nobodys-backyard-a-confident-central-asia?.
- Moshes, Arkady. “Ukraine Between a Multivector Foreign Policy and Euro-Atlantic Integration - Has It Made Its Choice?” PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo 426 (2006): 1–5.
- National Bank of Kazakhstan. 2024a. Geographical Structure of Foreign Trade According to Official Statistics Data. The Data of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Available at: https://nationalbank.kz/ Accessed 7 June 2024.
- National Bank of Kazakhstan. 2024b. Direct Investments in the Direction of Investment. The Data of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Available at: https://nationalbank.kz/ru/news/pryamye-investicii-po-napravleniyu-vlozheniya Accessed 7 June 2024.
- Neafie, Jessica. Multipolarity, the Rise of China, and Kazakhstan’s Emergence as a Middle Power. In Routledge Handbook of China’s Belt and Road in Eurasia, edited by M. Sahakyan and K. Lo. Routledge, n.d.
- Neafie, Jessica. “‘No One Stole Anyone Else’s Cheese’: The Politics of Infrastructural Competition in Kazakhstan.” In The Rise of the Infrastructure State: How US-China Rivalry Shapes Politics and Place Worldwide, edited by Seth Schindler and Jessica DiCarlo, 82–98. Bristol, UK: Bristol University Press, 2022;
- Neafie, Jessica. “Producing the Eurasian Land Bridge: A Case Study of the Geoeconomic Contestation in Kazakhstan.” International Politics (2023). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-022-00386-9.
- Nyshanbayeva, Nurbolat, Bulent Tarman, Zhengisbek Tolen, Alina Samay, and Zhangeldi Agybay. “The Republic of Kazakhstan’s Multi-Vector Foreign Policy: Re-Evaluation Under President Tokayev.” Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences 45 (2024): 915–924. https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2024.45.3.21.
- Omirgazy, Daniyar. “European Commission Vice President Visits Kazakhstan, Meets Government Officials.” The Astana Times, January 11, 2024. https://astanatimes.com/2024/01/european-commission-vice-president-visits-kazakhstan-meets-government-officials
- Omelicheva, Mariya Y., and Rouxi Du. “Kazakhstan’s Multi-Vectorism and Sino-Russian Relations.” Insight Turkey 20, no. 4 (2018): 95–110.
- Perin, Max. “A Troubling Horizon for Kazakhstan’s Multi-Vector Foreign Policy.” Bruin Political Review, June 21, 2023. https://bruinpoliticalreview.org/articles?post-slug=a-troubling-horizon-for-kazakhstan-s-multi-vector-foreign-policy.
- Putz, Catherine. “The European Union’s (Not So) New Central Asia Strategy.” The Diplomat, May 18, 2019. https://thediplomat.com/2019/05/the-european-unions-not-so-new-central-asia-strategy/.
- Putz, Catherine. “Central Asia Faces Challenges and Sees Opportunities Amid Complex Geopolitical Outlook: A Conversation with Temur Umarov about Russia, China, and Central Asia Amid the War in Ukraine.” The Diplomat, November 2023. https://thediplomat.com/2023/11/central-asia-faces-challenges-and-sees-opportunities-amid-complex-geopolitical-outlook/.
- Roberts, Sean. “The Ukraine Conflict and the Future of Kazakhstan’s Multi-Vector Foreign Policy.” PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo 388 (2015): 1–6. https://www.ponarseurasia.org/wpcontent/uploads/attachments/Pepm388_Roberts_Sept2015-8.pdf.
- Sakenova, Saltanat. “President Tokayev Outlines Priorities for Central Asia and EU Cooperation.” The Astana Times, June 2, 2023. https://astanatimes.com/2023/06/president-tokayev-outlines-priorities-for-central-asia-and-eu-cooperation.
- Satubaldina, Aigerim. “Kazakh Delegation Visits US to Reaffirm Strategic Partnership, Discuss Impact of Sanctions.” Astana Times. April 25, 2022. https://astanatimes.com/2022/04/kazakh-delegation-visits-us-to-reaffirm-strategic-partnership-discuss-impact-of-sanctions/.
- Satubaldina, Aizhan. “EU Sanctions Envoy Hails Kazakhstan’s Efforts in Reducing Reexports to Russia.” The Astana Times, June 28, 2024. https://astanatimes.com/2024/06/eu-sanctions-envoy-hails-kazakhstans-efforts-in-reducing-re-exports-to-russia
- Sullivan, Charles J. “End of an Era? Kazakhstan and the Fate of Multivectorism.” In Kazakhstan and the Soviet Legacy: Between Continuity and Rupture, 31–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6693-2_3.
- The Astana Times. “European Parliament Report Calls for Updated Central Asia Strategy.” January 10, 2024. https://astanatimes.com/2024/01/european-parliament-report-calls-for-updated-central-asia-strategy
- Umarov, Temur. “After Ukraine, Is Kazakhstan Next in the Kremlin’s Sights?” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, August 10, 2022. https://carnegieendowment.org/russiaeurasia/politika/2022/08/after-ukraine-is-kazakhstan-next-in-the-kremlins-sights?lang=
- Vanderhill, Rachel, Sandra F. Joireman, and Roza Tulepbayeva. “Between the Bear and the Dragon: Multivectorism in Kazakhstan as a Model Strategy for Secondary Powers.” International Affairs 96, no. 4 (2020): 975–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa061.
- World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS), 2024. Kazakhstan trade statistics. Available at: https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/KAZ. Accessed 7 June 2024.
- Zalessky, Boris. “Challenges of Multi-Vectors: The Ideology of International Cooperation in the Context of Global Turbulence.” Sciencia Scripts, 2024.