Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Artificial Intelligence and Humanoid Robotics: Bioethical Implications of Replacing Human Agency in Healthcare and beyond Cover

Artificial Intelligence and Humanoid Robotics: Bioethical Implications of Replacing Human Agency in Healthcare and beyond

The EuroBiotech Journal
Volume 9 (2025): Issue 3 (July 2025)
By: Sara Feizyab,  Gabriele Bonetti,  Maria Chiara Medori,  Cecilia Micheletti,  Immacolata De Luca,  Kevin Donato,  Jan Miertuš,  Mehmet Sait Dundar,  Miroslava Vráblová,  Gary Henehan,  Richard Brown,  Robert Marks,  Stanislav Miertus,  Lorenzo Lorusso,  Gianluca Martino Tartaglia,  Munis Dundar,  Sandro Michelini,  Stephen Thaddeus Connelly,  Ariola Bacu,  Tommaso Beccari,  Ornela Gordani,  Xhilda Dhamo,  Eglantina Kalluci,  Dominika Vešelényiová,  Iveta Dirgová Luptáková,  Jiri Pospíchal and  Matteo Bertelli  
Open Access
|Jul 2025

References

  1. Mizna S, Arora S, Saluja P, Das G, Alanesi WA. An analytic research and review of the literature on practice of artificial intelligence in healthcare. Eur J Med Res 2025; 30(1): 382.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  2. Rehman AU, Li M, Wu B, Ali Y, Rasheed S, Shaheen S, et al. Role of artificial intelligence in revolutionizing drug discovery. Fundam Res 2024 May; 5(3): 1273-1287.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  3. Hemmatyar A, Soleymani S, Khosravi-Mashizi M, Saberi A, Shirinzadeh-Dastgiri A, Naseri A, et al. Ethical Considerations in the Use of the da Vinci Surgical System in Modern Surgery. Indian J Surg Oncol 2025.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  4. Ienca M, Wangmo T, Jotterand F, Kressig RW, Elger B. Ethical Design of Intelligent Assistive Technologies for Dementia: A Descriptive Review. Sci Eng Ethics. 2018; 24(4): 1035–55.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  5. Panahi O. Health in the Age of AI: A Family and Community Focus. Archives of Community and Family Medicine 2025; 8(1):11–20.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  6. Santoni de Sio F, van den Hoven J. Meaningful Human Control over Autonomous Systems: A Philosophical Account. Front Robot AI 2018 Feb; 5.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  7. Burrell J. How the Machine “Thinks:” Understanding Opacity in Machine Learning Algorithms. SSRN Electronic Journal 2015.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  8. Calo R. Robotics and the New Cyberlaw. SSRN Electronic Journal 2014.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  9. Law KF, Syropoulos S, Earp BD. Artificial intelligence, existential risk and equity: the need for multigenerational bioethics. J Med Ethics. 2024; 50(12): 799–801.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  10. Jecker NS, Atuire CA, Bélisle-Pipon JC, Ravitsky V, Ho A. Stoking fears of AI X-Risk (while forgetting justice here and now). J Med Ethics. 2024; 50(12):827–8.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  11. Müller VC. Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics. In: E. N. Zalta, editor. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; 2020.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  12. Thomson JJ. The Trolley Problem. The Yale Law Journal Company, Inc. 1985;94(6): 1395–415.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  13. Porter Z, Habli I, McDermid J, Kaas M. A principles-based ethics assurance argument pattern for AI and autonomous systems. AI and Ethics 2024; 4(2): 593–616.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  14. Manna R, Nath R. Kantian Moral Agency and the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Problemos 2021; 100:139–51.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  15. Groff R, and Symons J. Is AI Capable of Aristotelian Full Moral Virtue? In: Artificial Dispositions: Investigating Ethical and Metaphysical Issues. Sciendo; 2023. p. 45–58.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  16. Onyeukaziri JN. Artificial Intelligence and an Anthropological Ethics of Work: Implications on the Social Teaching of the Church. Religions (Basel) 2024; 15(5): 623.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  17. Chen W, Chi W, Ji S, Ye H, Liu J, Jia Y, et al. A survey of autonomous robots and multi-robot navigation: Perception, planning and collaboration. Biomimetic Intelligence and Robotics 2025; 5(2): 100203.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  18. Topol EJ. High-performance medicine: the convergence of human and artificial intelligence. Nat Med 2019; 25(1): 44–56.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  19. Fuchs C. Dallas Smythe Today - The Audience Commodity, the Digital Labour Debate, Marxist Political Economy and Critical Theory. tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 2012; 10(2): 692–740.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  20. Kalberg S. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2020.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  21. Habermas J. The Theory of Communicative Action, Volume 1: Reason and the Rationalization of Society. 1st ed. T. McCarthy (Translator), editor. Vol. 1. Boston, MA: Beacon Press; 1984.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  22. Rifkin J. The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era. 1st ed. New York, NY: Putnam Publishing Group; 1995.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  23. OECD Economic Outlook, Volume 2023 Issue 1. OECD; 2023.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  24. World Economic Forum. The Future of Jobs Report 2020. 2020.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  25. Harari YN. Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow. 1st ed. New York: HarperCollins; 2017.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  26. Arendt H. The Human Condition. 1st ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1958.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  27. van Wynsberghe A. Healthcare Robots: Ethics, Design, and Implementation. 1st ed. New York: Routledge; 2016.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  28. Maleki Varnosfaderani S, Forouzanfar M. The Role of AI in Hospitals and Clinics: Transforming Healthcare in the 21st Century. Bioengineering. 2024; 11(4): 337.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  29. Hoppe N, Härting RC, Rahmel A. Potential Benefits of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare 2023; 225–49.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  30. Chustecki M. Benefits and Risks of AI in Health Care: Narrative Review. Interact J Med Res 2024; 13: e53616.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  31. Moulaei K, Yadegari A, Baharestani M, Farzanbakhsh S, Sabet B, Reza Afrash M. Generative artificial intelligence in healthcare: A scoping review on benefits, challenges and applications. Int J Med Inform 2024; 188: 105474.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  32. Lane WB. Student interactions with generative AI. Nat Phys 2025; 21(6): 866–7.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  33. Jin Q, Chen F, Zhou Y, Xu Z, Cheung JM, Chen R, et al. Hidden flaws behind expert-level accuracy of multimodal GPT-4 vision in medicine. NPJ Digit Med 2024; 7(1): 190.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  34. Zhang J, Patel VL, Johnson TR, Shortliffe EH. A cognitive taxonomy of medical errors. J Biomed Inform 2004; 37(3): 193–204.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  35. Garrouste-Orgeas M, Philippart F, Bruel C, Max A, Lau N, Misset B. Overview of medical errors and adverse events. Ann Intensive Care 2012; 2(1): 2.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  36. Wachter RM, Brynjolfsson E. Will Generative Artificial Intelligence Deliver on Its Promise in Health Care? JAMA 2024; 331(1): 65.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  37. Panch T, Mattie H, Celi LA. The “inconvenient truth” about AI in healthcare. NPJ Digit Med 2019; 2(1): 77.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  38. ElHassan BT, Arabi AA. Ethical forethoughts on the use of artificial intelligence in medicine. International Journal of Ethics and Systems 2025; 41(1): 35–44.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  39. Terranova C, Cestonaro C, Fava L, Cinquetti A. AI and professional liability assessment in healthcare. A revolution in legal medicine? Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 10: 1337335.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  40. Baurasien BK, Alareefi HS, Almutairi ‏Diyanah Bander, Alanazi ‏Maserah Mubrad, Alhasson ‏Aseel Hasson, Alshahrani AD, et al. Medical errors and patient safety: Strategies for reducing errors using artificial intelligence. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2023; 7(S1): 3471–87.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  41. Riaz I Bin, Harmon S, Chen Z, Naqvi SAA, Cheng L. Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Prostate Cancer Care: A Path to Enhanced Efficiency and Outcomes. American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book 2024; 44(3): e438516.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  42. Padhani AR, Papanikolaou N. AI and human interactions in prostate cancer diagnosis using MRI. Eur Radiol 2025.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  43. Arita Y, Roest C, Kwee TC, Paudyal R, Lema-Dopico A, Fransen S, et al. Advancements in artificial intelligence for prostate cancer: Optimizing diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic assessment. Asian J Urol 2025.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  44. AI Act. Available at https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai. Accessed on 19/05/2025.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  45. European Commission. White Paper on Artificial Intelligence: A European Approach to Excellence and Trust. Brussels; 2020.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  46. Searle JR. Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1980; 3(3): 417–24.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  47. Matarić MJ, Eriksson J, Feil-Seifer DJ, Winstein CJ. Socially assistive robotics for post-stroke rehabilitation. J Neuro- eng Rehabil 2007; 4: 5.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  48. Davenport T, Kalakota R. The potential for artificial intelligence in healthcare. Future Healthc J 2019; 6(2): 94–8.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  49. Harihara Subramanian G, Verma A. Crowd risk prediction in a spiritually motivated crowd. Saf Sci 2022; 155: 105877.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  50. Sasseville M, Ouellet S, Rhéaume C, Couture V, Després P, Paquette JS, et al. Risk of Bias Mitigation for Vulnerable and Diverse Groups in Community-Based Primary Health Care Artificial Intelligence Models: Protocol for a Rapid Review. JMIR Res Protoc. 2023; 12: e46684.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  51. Koçak B, Ponsiglione A, Stanzione A, Bluethgen C, Santinha J, Ugga L, et al. Bias in artificial intelligence for medical imaging: fundamentals, detection, avoidance, mitigation, challenges, ethics, and prospects. Diagn Interv Radiol 2025; 31(2): 75-88.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  52. Friedman B, Hendry DG. Value Sensitive Design. The MIT Press; 2019.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  53. MOOR JH. What is computer ethics?. Metaphilosophy. 1985; 16(4): 266–75.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  54. van Wynsberghe A. Service robots, care ethics, and design. Ethics Inf Technol 2016; 18(4): 311–21.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  55. Nussbaum MC. Creating Capabilities. Harvard University Press; 2013.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  56. Ahmad A, Liew AXW, Venturini F, Kalogeras A, Candiani A, Di Benedetto G, et al. AI can empower agriculture for global food security: challenges and prospects in developing nations. Front Artif Intell 2024; 7.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  57. Viswanathan VS, Parmar V, Madabhushi A. Towards equitable AI in oncology. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2024; 21(8): 628–37.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  58. Hannaway J, Richardson JG. Puzzles, Facts, and Tensions: Inquiry in the Sociology of Education. Educational Researcher 1987; 16(6): 43.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  59. Robertson T, Simonsen J. Challenges and Opportunities in Contemporary Participatory Design. Design Issues 2012; 28(3): 3–9.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  60. AI Risk Management Framework | NIST. Available at https://www.nist.gov/itl/ai-risk-management-framework.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  61. Sabuncu MR, Wang AQ, Nguyen M. Ethical Use of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Diagnostics Demands a Focus on Accuracy, Not Fairness. NEJM AI 2025; 2(1).
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  62. Binkley CE, Reynolds JM, Shuman AG. Health AI poses distinct harms and potential benefits for disabled people. Nat Med 2025; 31(1): 12–3.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  63. Amani B. AI and Equality by Design. Artificial Intelligence and the Law in Canada 2021.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  64. Whittaker M, Crawford K, Dobbe R, Fried G, Kaziunas E, Mathur V. AI Now Report 2018.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  65. Delacroix S, Lawrence ND. Bottom-up data Trusts: disturbing the ‘one size fits all’ approach to data governance. Int Data Priv Law 2019.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  66. Jobin A, Ienca M, Vayena E. The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines. Nat Mach Intell 2019; 1(9): 389–99.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  67. Himmelreich J, Lim D. Artificial Intelligence and Structural Injustice: Foundations for Equity, Values, and Responsibility 2022.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  68. Floridi L. The Ethics of Information . Oxford : Oxford University Press; 2013.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  69. Floridi L. Distributed morality in an information society. Sci Eng Ethics. 2013; 19(3): 727–43.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ebtj-2025-0019 | Journal eISSN: 2564-615X
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 238 - 246
Published on: Jul 17, 2025
Published by: European Biotechnology Thematic Network Association
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence,
Humanoid Robotics,
Bioethics,
Social Justice,
Autonomy
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Genetics,
Biotechnology,
Bioinformatics,
Life sciences, other

© 2025 Sara Feizyab, Gabriele Bonetti, Maria Chiara Medori, Cecilia Micheletti, Immacolata De Luca, Kevin Donato, Jan Miertuš, Mehmet Sait Dundar, Miroslava Vráblová, Gary Henehan, Richard Brown, Robert Marks, Stanislav Miertus, Lorenzo Lorusso, Gianluca Martino Tartaglia, Munis Dundar, Sandro Michelini, Stephen Thaddeus Connelly, Ariola Bacu, Tommaso Beccari, Ornela Gordani, Xhilda Dhamo, Eglantina Kalluci, Dominika Vešelényiová, Iveta Dirgová Luptáková, Jiri Pospíchal, Matteo Bertelli, published by European Biotechnology Thematic Network Association
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Previous articleVolume 9 (2025): Issue 3 (July 2025)