Table 1
Result of antimicrobial assay of endophytic fungal extracts showing the inhibition zone diameters (IZDs) produced against test isolates
| IZDs (mm) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test Organisms | NL-L1 | NL-L2 | SL-L1 | PPL-LAC | PPL-LE2 | Positive control Gentamicin (10 μg/ml) | Negative control DMSO |
| S. aureus | 0 | 9 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 17 | 0 |
| S. typhi | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 21 | 0 |
| B. subtilis | 0 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 0 |
| E. coli | 0 | 6 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 |
| Ketoconazole (50 μg/ml) | DMSO | ||||||
| C. albicans | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 0 |
| A. fumigatus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
Figure 1
HPLC chromatogram of NL-L1 extract showing ethyl-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetate (A) and ferulic acid (B); their UV spectra; and structures.
Figure 2
HPLC chromatogram of NL-L2 extract showing ruspolinone (C); its UV spectrum; and structure.
Figure 3
HPLC chromatogram of SL-L1 extract showing Protocathechuic acid (D), Scytalone (E) and Cladosporin (F); their UV spectra; and structures.
Figure 4
HPLC chromatogram of PPL-LE2 extract showing indole-3-acetic acid (G) and indole-3-carbaldehyde (H); their UV spectra; and structures.
Figure 5
HPLC chromatogram of PPL-LAC extract showing indole-3-acetic acid (I); its UV spectrum; and structure.
Table 2
Biological activities/applications of detected compounds
| Plants | Endophytic fungi | Compounds detected by HPLC analysis | Biological activities/applications | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Newbouldia laevis | NL-L1 | Ethyl 4-hydroxyphenyl acetate | An intermediate for the preparation of anti-inflammatory agents | (42) |
| Ferulic acid | Antioxidant anti-diabetic, antihypertensive, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, anti-allergic, increase sperm viability, antithrombotic, antiviral and vasodilatory actions, metal chelation, modulation of enzyme activity, activation of transcriptional factors, gene expression and signal transduction activities | (43-54) | ||
| NL-L2 | Ruspolinone | Organocatalysts and building blocks in organic synthesis | (55,56) | |
| Ocimum gratissimum | SL-L1 | Protocatechuic acid | Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-ulcer, antidiabetic, anti-ageing, antifibrotic antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity, anti-atherosclerotic, cardiac, hepatoprotective, neurological and nephroprotective activities | (57-71) |
| Cladosporin | Antiplasmodial, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and antitumor activities | (72-76) | ||
| Scytalone | Plant growth promotion, intermediate in the biosynthesis of melanin in fungi | (77-80) | ||
| Carica papaya | PPL-LAC PPL-LE2 | Indole-3-acetic acid Indole-3-acetic acid | Cytotoxic/anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities | (81-83) |
| Indole-3-carbaldehyde | Cytotoxic and antibacterial activities, associated with the innate immunity to microbial pathogen infections in plants | (84-86) |