References
- ACHEBE, C. (1964): Arrow of God. London: Heinemann.
- AFIGBO, A. E. (1972): The Warrant Chiefs: Indirect Rule in Southeastern Nigeria, 1891–1929. London: Longman.
- AFIGBO, A. (1981): Ropes of Sand: Studies in Igbo History and Culture. Ibadan: University Press.
- AGUINAM, C. C. (2021): Human Destiny as Akala Aka in Igboland: A Hermeneutic Engagement. In: Nnadiebube Journal of Philosophy, 5(1), pp. 32–52. [online] [Retrieved June 10, 2025] Available at:
https://ezenwaohaetorc.org/journals/index.php/NJP/article/download/2107/2150 - ALMADA, S. J. (2024): Seeking Holism in the Anthropocene: A Philosophical Quest. In: Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, 20(2), pp. 426–429.
- ANENE, J. C. (1977): Benin, Niger Delta, Igbo and Ibibio Peoples in the Nineteenth Century. In: J. F. A. Ajayi & I. Espie (eds.): A Thousand Years of West African History. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, pp. 299–313.
- ANIMALU, A. O. (1990): Ucheakolam: A Way of Life in Modern Scientific Age. Owerri: Assumpta Press.
- ATTOE, A. D. (2025): African Philosophical Perspectives on the Meaning of Life. In: J. Fieser & B. Dowden (eds.): Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The University of Tennessee at Martin. [online] [Retrieved July 17, 2025] Available at:
https://iep.utm.edu/african-meaning-of-life/ - BEAUCHAMP, T. O. & CHILDRESS, J. F. (1994): Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
- BLANC-LEGENDRE, M. L., GUILLOT, L., CHEVALIER, C., MALLERET, K., LE MENACH, P., PARDON, H., BUDZINSKI, H., BRION, F., SIRE, S., COUMAILLEAU, P., CHARLIER, T., D., PELLEGRINI, E. & COUSIN, X. (2025): Long-Term Impact of Embryonic Exposure to Ethinylestradiol and Clotrimazole on Behavior and Neuroplasticity in Zebrafish (Danio Rerio). In: Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 113, p. 104592.
- BOBIRICĂ, L., ORBECI, C., IONICĂ, G. & BOBIRICĂ, C. (2025): Estrogen Mineralization by a Modular Plug Flow Photocatalytic Reactor. In: ACS Omega, 10(22), pp. 22593−22602.
- BRADLOW, D. (2025): African Debt and Climate Change: How the ICJ’s Vanuatu Ruling Could Be Used for Broader Justice. In: The Conversation, [online] [Retrieved August 25, 2025] Available at:
https://theconversation.com/african-debt-and-climate-change-how-the-icjs-vanuatu-ruling-could-be-used-for-broader-justice-263859?utm_medium - BUJO, B. (2001): Foundations of an African Ethics: Beyond the Universal Claims of Western Morality. New York: The Crossroad Publishing Company.
- CHINEDU-ELONU, P.O. (2024): Cultural and Religious Practices: A Major Challenge of Public Health in Nigeria. In: Biomedical Studies and Clinical Evaluations (BSCE), 1(2), pp. 1–7.
- CORDEIRO-RODRIGUES, L. & CHIMAKONAM, J. O. (2022): African Philosophy of Religion from a Global Perspective: Deities, Ancestors, Relationality and the Problem of Evil. In: Filosofia Theoretica: Journal of African Philosophy, Culture and Religions, 11(1), pp. 1–8.
- DAVIDSON, B. (1969): The African Genius: An Introduction to Social and Cultural History. London: Longmans.
- DIMONYE, S. C. (2020): Oracle, Kinship and Political Representation in Igbo Society: A Philosophical Reflection. In: A. M. Ogbuishi (ed.): Kingship and Politics in Ancient and Modern Igbo, pp. 30–59. Awka, Nigeria: Bonapat Books and Publishers.
- ELIAS, T. O. (1956): The Nature of African Customary Law. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
- ESAN, O. T., ADEOMI, A. A. & AFOLABI, O.T. (2023): Health Insurance Coverage and Access to Maternal Health Services: Findings from Nigerian Women of Reproductive Age. 192. DHS. Rockville, Maryland, USA. [online] [Retrieved July 9, 2025] Available at:
https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/WP192/WP192.pdf - FEDERAL MINISTRY OF HEALTH, REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA. (2016): National Health Policy. Abuja: Federal Ministry of Health, Republic of Nigeria. [online] [Retrieved June 25, 2025] Available at:
https://naca.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/National-Health-Policy-Final-copy.pdf - FORTUNA, M., VARELLA, A. C. C., SIQUEIRA, L., SOARES, S. M., FREDDO, N., NARDI, J., BARLETTO, I. P., BERTUOL, M. Z. & BARCELLOS, L. J. G. (2024): Transgenerational Effects of the Levonorgestrel-Based Birth Control Pill in Zebrafish Offspring. In: Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 110, p. 104540.
- GEORGE, R. P. (1997): Public Reason and Political Conflict: Abortion and Homosexuality. In: Yale Law Journal, 106(8), pp. 2475–2504.
- GUARESCHI, P. (2017): Ethics and Politics. In: Revista. Katalysis, Florianópolis, 20(3), pp. 322–324.
- HABERMAS, J. (2002): Religion and Rationality: Essays on Reason, God, and Modernity, ed. E. Medieta. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- HUMAN REPRODUCTION PROGRAMME, COUNTRY PROFILE (NIGERIA). (2022): Global Abortion Policy Database. [online] [Retrieved August 25, 2025] Available at:
https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/country/nigeria/ - JALI, M. N. (2001): Abortion - a Philosophical Perspective. In: Curationis, 24(4), pp. 24–31.
- JECKER, N. S. & ATUIRE, C. A. (2024): Personhood: An emergent view from Africa and the West. In: Developing World Bioethics, 25(2), pp. 154–163.
- KIDD, K. A., PATERSON, M. J., RENNIE, M. D., PODEMSKI, C. L., FINDLAY, D. L., BLANCHFIELD, P. J. & LIBER, K. (2014): Direct and Indirect Responses of a Freshwater Food Web to a Potent Synthetic Oestrogen. In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369(1656), pp. 1–12.
- KITTAY, E. F. (2005): At the Margins of Moral Personhood. In: Ethics, 116(1), pp. 100–131.
- KLUSENDORF, S. (2009): Death with a Happy Face: Peter Singer’s Bold Defense of Infanticide. In: Christian Research Journal, 23(3), [online] [Retrieved August 20, 2025] Available at:
https://www.equip.org/articles/peter-singers-bold-defense-of-infanticide/ - KREFT, S. & SOLMECKE, M. (2025): Delivering Climate Justice? The ICJ Advisory Opinion and Its Significance for Climate Action. In: United Nations University, Institute for Environment and Human Security, [online] [Retrieved June 7, 2025] Available at:
https://unu.edu/ehs/commentary/delivering-climate-justice-icj-advisory-opinion-and-its-significance-climate-action - LINDSTROM, M. (2021): A brief reflection on the issue of science, ideology and critical theory. In: SSM – Population Health, pp. 1–4.
- MACAULAY, R. (2020): African Christian View on Morality of Abortion. In: E-Journal of Religious and Theological Studies (ERATS), 6(8), pp. 347–353.
- MBITI, J. S. (1970): African Religions and Philosophy. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers.
- MOLEFE, M. (2020): An African Ethics of Personhood and Bioethics: A Reflection on Abortion and Euthanasia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. [online] [Retrieved August 25, 2025] Available at:
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-46519-3 - MOLEFE, M. & MUADE, E. (2023): An Appraisal of “African Perspectives of Moral Status: A Framework for Evaluating Global Bioethical Issues.” In: Arumaruka: Journal of Conversational Thinking, 3(1), pp. 25–50.
- MUSANA, P. (2018): The African Concept of Personhood and its Relevance to Respect for Human Life and Dignity in Africa and the Global Context. In: African Study Monographs, 56(suppl), pp. 21–32. [online] [Retrieved August 1, 2025] Available at:
https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/230172 - NAESS, A. (2008): The Long-Range Deep Ecological Movement. In: A. Drengson & B. Devall (eds.): Ecology of Wisdom: Writings by Arne Naess. Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint, pp. 95–100.
- NJOKU, F. O. C. (2018): The Philosophical Grid of Igbo Socio-Political Ontology: Ibu anyi danda. [Inaugural Lecture]. Nsukka: University of Nigeria Press.
- NOZICK, R. (1974): Anarchy, State and Utopia. New York: Basic Books.
- NWALA, T. U. (1987): Igbo philosophy. Lagos, Nigeria: Literamed Publications Nig. Ltd.
- NWANGWU, C. (2018): Ako-Na-Uche versus Nzogbu-Nzogbu: Interrogating the Rupture between Igbo Elite and Their Lumpen in Igbo Nationalism. 005. 2018. Enugu, Nigeria. [online] [Retrieved June 10, 2025] Available at:
https://www.africaportal.org/publications/ako-na-uche-versus-nzogbu-nzogbu-interrogating-the-rupture-between-igbo-elite-and-their-lumpen-in-igbo-nationalism/ - NWOBODO, R. E. (2024): Jurisprudence in Traditional Igbo Society and the Court of Social Media: A Comparative Analysis. In: ISRG Journal of Arts, Humanities and Sciences, 2(5), pp. 451–458.
- NWOGA, D. (1984): Nka Na Nzere. The Focus of Igbo World View. Owerri: Assumpta Press.
- OGBODO, O. C. (2023): Trends and Challenges of Health Care Financing in Nigeria. In: International Journal of Medical Case Reports and Reviews, 2(5), pp. 1–9.
- OKAFOR, F. U. (1992): Igbo Philosophy of Law. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishing Co. Ltd.
- OKAFOR, R. (2001): The Wisdom of My Elders (1001 Imezi Owa Proverbs). Enugu: New Generation Books.
- OKOGERI, O. (2006): Eziokwu bu Ndu in Igbo Contemporary Law. In: Studies in Philosophy, 1(1), pp. 172–179.
- OKWARA, D. U., OBIAGWU, O. V., OBASI, S. U., UDOGU, O. C. & NWOSU, E. N. (2024): The Concept of Abortion and Its Ethical Controversies in the Contemporary Society. In: IGWEBUIKE: An African Journal of Arts and Humanities, 10(3), pp. 97–103.
- ONEBUNNE, J. I. (2019): Omenala and Omenachukwu in Igbo Worldview: A Philosophical Equipoise. In: Nnadiebube Journal of Philosophy, 3(1), pp. 68–95. [online] [Retrieved July 25, 2025] Available at:
https://www.acjol.org/index.php/najp/article/download/6432/6225 - ONEBUNNE, J. I. (2024): Critical Search for Igbo Philosophy in the Peoples’ Culture and Weltanschauung. In: Ideal International Journal, 17(2), pp. 58–75. [online] [Retrieved July 25, 2025] Available at:
https://acjol.org/index.php/ideal/article/download/5606/5433 - ONYIA, S. (2023): Abortion: An Igwebuike Perspective. In: Tolle Lege: Augustinian Journal of Philosophy and Theology, 5(1), pp. 208–237.
- PAUER-STUDER, H. (1993): Peter Singer on Euthanasia. In: The Monist, 76(2), pp. 135–157.
- PECH, M., STEINBACH, C., KOCOUR, M., PROKOPOVÁ, I., ŠANDOVÁ, M., BOŘÍK, A., LUTZ, I. & KROUPOVÁ, H. K. (2023): Effects of Mifepristone, a Model Compound with Anti-Progestogenic Activity, on the Development of African Clawed Frog (Xenopus Laevis). In: Aquatic Toxicology, 263, p. 106694.
- ROLSTON, H. (1991): Environmental Ethics: Values in and Duties to the Natural World. In: F. H. Bormann & S. R. Kellert (eds.): Ecology, Economics, Ethics: The Broken Circle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, pp. 73–96. [online] [Retrieved July 6, 2025] Available at:
http://hdl.handle.net/10217/37180 - SIMKIN, P., WHALLEY, J., KEPPLER, A., DURHAM, J. & BOLDING, A. (2010): Pregnancy, Childbirth and the Newborn – The Complete Guide, 4th ed. New York: Meadowbrook Press.
- SINGER, P. (1982): The Right to Be Rich or Poor. In: J. Paul (ed.): Reading Nozick, pp. 50–60. Oxford: Blackwell.
- SINGER, P. (1989): All Animals Are Equal. In: T. Regan & P. Singer (eds.): Animal Rights and Human Obligations. New Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall, pp. 148–162.
- SINGER, P. (1994): Rethinking Life and Death: The Collapse of Our Traditional Ethics. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
- SINGER, P. (2002): One World: The Ethics of Globalization, 2nd ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- SINGER, P. (2005): Ethics and Intuition. In: Journal of Ethics, 9(3–4), pp. 331–352.
- SINGER, P. (2006): Ethics and Climate Change: A Commentary on MacCracken, Toman and Gardiner. In: Environmental Values, 15(3), pp. 415–422. [online] [Retrieved July 25, 2025] Available at:
http://www.environmentandsociety.org/node/5977 - SINGER, P. (2011a): Practical Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- SINGER, P. (2011b): The Expanding Circle: Ethics, Evolution, and Moral Progress. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- SINGER, P. (2016): Ethics in the Real World: 82 Brief Essays on Things That Matter. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- TANGWA, G. B. (2000): The Traditional African Perception of a Person: Some Implications for Bioethics. In: The Hastings Center Report, 30(5), pp. 39–43. [online] [Retrieved July 15, 2025] Available at:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3527887 - UCHENDU, V. C. (1965): The Igbo Southeast of Nigeria. New York: Holt Rinehart & Co.
- VAN JAARSVELD, J. (2023): Can African Environmental Ethics Help in Weathering Gardiner’s Storm? In: Arumaruka: Journal of Conversational Thinking, 3(2), pp. 1–20.
- WHITE, F. J. (2013): Personhood: An Essential Characteristic of the Human Species. In: The Linacre Quarterly, 80(1), pp. 74–79.