Respiratory Rehabilitation Improves Quality of Life and Functionality of Covid 19 Patients

Characteristics		Results (%)	p-value
Gender	Male	38 (61.3 %)	p=0.075
Gender	Female	24 (38.7%)	p=0.075
Age	30–39	4 (6.45%)	p <0.001
	40–49	9 (14.52%)
	50–59	13 (20.97%)
	60+	35 (56.45%)
Hypertension	Yes	31 (50%)	p=0.799
Hypertension	No	31 (50%)	p=0.799
Diabetes mellitus	Yes	16 (25.8%)	p <0.001
Diabetes mellitus	No	46 (74.2%)	p <0.001
COPD	Yes	6 (9.7%)	p <0.001
COPD	No	56 (90.3%)	p <0.001
Heart failure	Yes	5 (8.1%)	p <0.001
Heart failure	No	57 (91.9%)	p <0.001
Malignancy	Yes	10 (16.1%)	p <0.001
Malignancy	No	52 (83.9%)	p <0.001
Endocrine disorder	Yes	5 (8.1%)	p <0.001
Endocrine disorder	No	57 (91.9%)	p <0.001

Table 2.

Average value of all five dimensions of EQ-D before and after respiratory rehabilitation.

	Results (mean ± SD)	p-value
EQ-5D1 before	1.177±0.425	0.010
EQ-5D1 after	1.370±0.773	0.010
EQ-5D2 before	1.145±0.437	0.002
EQ5-5D2 after	1.320±0.672	0.002
EQ-5D3 before	1.193±0.437	0.05
EQ-5D3 after	1.310±0.781	0.05
EQ-5D4 before	1.790±0.447	0.009
EQ-5D4 after	2.00±0.747	0.009
EQ-5D5 before	1.709±0.662	0.000
EQ-5D5 after	2.020±0.689	0.000
EQ-5D VAS	53.31±17.129	0.000
EQ-5D VAS	64.53±8.368	0.000
EQ-5D Index before	0.8516±0.202	0.000
EQ-5DIndex after	0.9147±0.074	0.000

Table 3.

Percentage of reported any problem in 5 dimensions of EQ-5D before respiratory rehabilitation.

Characteristics		Mobility			Self-care			Usual Activities			Pain/discomfort			Anxiety/depression
		No	Yes	p	No	Yes	p	No	Yes	p	No	Yes	p	No	Yes	p
Total		77.5	22.5		79	21		79	21		20.9	79.1		19.4	80.6
Gender	Male	45.2	16.1	0.566	48.4	12.9	0.984	51.6	9.7	0.347	16.1	45.2	0.326	11.3	50.0	0.815
Gender	Female	32.3	6.4	0.566	30.6	8.1	0.984	27.4	11.3	0.347	4.8	33.9	0.326	8.1	30.6	0.815
Age	5.2	0.0	0.749	5.2	0.0	0.236	5.2	0.0	0.231	0.0	5.2	0.628	3.4	1.7	0.633	5.2
	10.3	3.4	5.2	13.8	0.0	1.7	13.8	0.0	1.7	5.2	8.6	8.6	6.9	6.9	13.8	10.3
	19.0	1.7	1.7	20.7	0.0	0.0	19.0	1.7	1.7	3.4	17.2	17.2	6.9	13.8	17.2	19.0
	50.0	10.3	15.5	48.3	12.1	20.7	43.1	17.2	19.0	13.8	46.6	48.3	20.7	39.7	44.8	50.0
Length of hospitalization		13.94±2.409	14.21±1.805	0.868	14.00±2.372	14.00±1.958	0.761	14.04±2.327	13.85±2.154	0.584	13.85±2.154	14.04±2.327	0.667	13.25±2.989	14.18±2.68	0.494
Hypertension	Yes	35.5	14.5	0.224	38.7	11.3	0.755	37.1	12.9	0.349	9.7	40.3	0.755	8.1	41.9	0.520
Hypertension	No	41.9	8.1	0.224	40.3	9.7	0.755	41.9	8.1	0.349	11.3	38.7	0.755	11.3	38.7	0.520
Diabetes mellitus	Yes	17.7	8.1	0.538	21.0	4.8	0.800	19.4	6.5	0.646	8.1	17.7	0.241	4.8	21.0	0.943
Diabetes mellitus	No	59.7	15.5	0.538	58.1	16.1	0.800	59.7	14.5	0.646	12.9	61.3	0.241	14.5	59.7	0.943
COPD	Yes	6.5	3.2	0.610	6.5	3.2	0.597	0.0	9.7	0.328	1.6	8.1	0.861	6.5	1.6	0.884
COPD	No	71.0	19.4	0.610	72.6	17.7	0.597	21.0	69.4	0.328	17.7	72.6	0.861	71.0	21.0	0.884
Heart failure	Yes	6.5	1.6	0.886	8.1	0.0	0.352	8.1	0.0	0.352	3.2	4.8	0.280	1.6	6.5	0.970
Heart failure	No	71.0	21.0	0.886	71.0	21.0	0.352	71.0	21.0	0.352	17.7	74.2	0.280	17.7	74.2	0.970
Malignancy	Yes	8.1	8.1	0.024	8.1	8.1	0.041	9.7	6.5	0.196	3.2	12.9	0.934	3.2	12.9	0.955
Malignancy	No	69.4	14.5	0.024	71.0	12.9	0.041	69.4	14.5	0.196	17.7	66.1	0.934	16.1	67.7	0.955
Endocrine disorder	Yes	4.8	3.2	0.314	3.2	4.8	0.050	3.2	4.8	0.050	1.6	6.5	0.956	1.6	6.5	0.970
Endocrine disorder	No	72.6	19.4	0.314	75.8	16.1	0.050	75.8	16.1	0.050	19.4	72.6	0.956	17.7	74.2	0.970

Table 4.

Percentage of reported any problem in 5 dimensions of EQ-5D before respiratory rehabilitation.

Characteristics		Mobility			Self-care			Usual Activities			Pain/discomfort			Anxiety/depression
		No	Yes	p	No	Yes	p	No	Yes	p	No	Yes	p	No	Yes	p
Total		83.9	16.1		88.7	11.3		82.2	17.8		22.5	77.5		38.7	61.3
Gender	Male	50.0	11.3	0.727	53.2	8.1	0.696	53.2	8.1	0.311	17.7	43.6	0.212	24.2	37.1	0.876
Gender	Female	33.9	4.8	0.727	35.5	3.2	0.696	29.0	9.7	0.311	4.8	33.9	0.212	14.5	24.2	0.876
Age	30–39	5.2	0.0	0.426	5.2	0.0	0.050	5.2	0.0	0.341	0.0	5.2	0.630	0.0	5.2	0.443
	40–49	8.6	5.2		12.1	1.7		12.1	1.7		5.2	8.6		0.0	13.8
	50–59	19.0	1.7		20.7	0.0		19.0	1.7		3.4	17.2		3.4	17.2
	60+	44.8	15.5		39.7	20.7		41.4	19.0		12.1	48.3		15.5	44.8
Length of hospitalization		14.00±2.376	14.00±1.764	0.789	13.98±2.286	14.14±2.340	0.965	14.00±2.324	14.00±2.145	0.782	13.93±2.093	14.02±2.347	0.739	13.83±2.353	14.11±2.252	0.922
Hypertension	Yes	40.3	9.7	0.731	43.5	6.5	0.688	40.3	9.7	0.739	11.3	28.7	0.999	14.5	35.5	0.118
Hypertension	No	43.5	6.5	0.731	45.2	4.8	0.688	41.9	8.1	0.739	11.3	38.7	0.999	24.2	25.8	0.118
Diabetes mellitus	Yes	19.4	6.5	0.266	24.2	1.6	0.666	21.0	4.8	0.903	8.1	17.7	0.336	8.1	17.7	0.561
Diabetes mellitus	No	64.5	9.7	0.266	64.5	9.7	0.666	61.3	12.9	0.903	14.5	59.7	0.336	30.6	43.5	0.561
COPD	Yes	8.1	1.6	0.970	8.1	1.6	0.528	8.1	1.6	0.942	0.0	9.7	0.322	3.2	6.5	0.776
COPD	No	75.8	14.5	0.970	80.6	9.7	0.528	74.2	16.1	0.942	22.6	67.7	0.322	35.5	54.8	0.776
Heart failure	Yes	6.5	1.6	0.811	8.1	0.0	0.405	8.1	0.0	0.575	3.2	4.8	0.314	1.6	6.5	0.640
Heart failure	No	77.4	14.5	0.811	80.6	11.3	0.405	74.2	17.7	0.575	19.4	72.6	0.314	37.1	54.8	0.640
Malignancy	Yes	9.7	6.5	0.046	9.7	6.5	0.010	9.7	6.5	0.067	3.2	12.9	0.831	4.8	11.3	0.727
Malignancy	No	74.2	9.7	0.046	79.0	4.8	0.010	72.6	11.3	0.067	19.4	64.5	0.831	33.9	50.0	0.727
Endocrine disorder	Yes	6.5	1.6	0.806	3.2	4.8	0.008	3.2	4.8	0.035	1.6	6.5	0.886	1.6	6.5	0.640
Endocrine disorder	No	77.4	14.5	0.806	85.5	6.5	0.008	79.0	12.9	0.035	21.0	71.0	0.886	37.1	54.8	0.640

Five dimensions of EQ-5D before and after respiratory rehabilitation.

Table 5.

FIMI subtotal scores and total score before and after respiratory rehabilitation.

	Mean ± SD	p-value
FIM motor subtotal score before	70.90±13.365	0.000
FIM motor subtotal score after	74.97±10.078	0.000
FIM cognitive subtotal score before	33.58±2.551	0.027
FIM2 subtotal score after	34.06±1.114	0.027
FIM total score before	104.48±12.880	0.000
FIM total score after	106.21±9.791	0.000

References

Authors

Metrics

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/eabr-2023-0002 | Journal eISSN: 2956-2090 (formerly 2335-075X, 2956-0454) | Journal ISSN: 2956-0454 (formerly 1820-8665)

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Language: English

Page range: 153 - 160

Submitted on: May 14, 2023

Accepted on: Jun 26, 2023

Published on: Dec 31, 2025

Published by: University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

COVID 19,

EQ-5D-5L,

FIM,

respiratory rehabilitation

UDC:

Related subjects:

Clinical medicine, other

© 2025 Vladan Markovic, Aleksandra Jurisic-Skevin, Vesna Grbovic, Stefan Simovic, Zeljko Todorovic, Nebojsa Zdravkovic, Jelena Dimitrijevic, Natasa Zdravkovic-Petrovic, published by University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 26 (2025): Issue 2 (June 2025)

Respiratory Rehabilitation Improves Quality of Life and Functionality of Covid 19 Patients

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

Table 4.

Figure 1.

Table 5.

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