Table 1
FDI stock by leading Asian investor countries in the Visegrad countries, 2017 (million USD)
| Czech Republic | Hungary | Poland | Slovakia | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| direct | ultimate | direct | ultimate | direct | ultimate | direct | ultimate | |
| Japan | 1907.66 | 3314.14 | 1152.56 | 3185.93 | 887.43 | 4996.26 | 125.16 | n.d. |
| Korea | 3254.71 | 3046.01 | 1979.25 | 1986.48 | 1134.81 | 1783.54 | 3535.08 | n.d. |
| China | 707.27 | 1096.04 | 210.96 | 1973.42 | 223.11 | 826.51 | 55.12 | n.d. |
| Hong Kong, China | 115.69 | 204.41 | 319.81 | 207.51 | 347.08 | 465.06 | 25.03 | n.d. |
| India | −1.12 | 99.51 | −16.04 | 2657.56 | 103.38 | 299.41 | −2.72 | n.d. |
| Singapore | 344.64 | 699.07 | 532.29 | −55.72 | 84.74 | 109.56 | 118.49 | n.d. |
| Chinese Taipei | 283.53 | 1007.46 | 47.28 | 971.91 | 30.76 | 254.14 | 18.27 | n.d. |
| Sum of 7 countries | 6612.36 | 9466.65 | 4226.11 | 10927.09 | 2811.31 | 8734.48 | 3874.42 | n.d. |
| Sum of 7 countries in % of total FDI stock | 4.42 | 6.33 | 4.64 | 12.01 | 1.18 | 3.66 | 6.94 | n.d. |
[i] Source: OECD FDI positions by partner country BMD4: Inward FDI by immediate and by ultimate investing country and Hungary: Hungarian National Bank
Figure 1
FDI stock of the leading Asian investors in Visegrad 3 (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland), 2017 (million USD)
Source: own calculations based on OECD FDI positions by partner country BMD4: Inward FDI by immediate and by ultimate investing country and Hungary: Hungarian National Bank
Table 2
Details of the interviews conducted in the framework of the research
| Company No. | Year of establishment/acquisition | Entry mode | Number of employees at present | Date of interviews |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1989 | greenfield | 2500 permanent + 500 seasonal | 12 April 2017 |
| 2 | 2005 | greenfield | 330 (white-collar, directly) + 2500 (blue-collar, indirectly) | 4 times between the winter of 2016 and April 2017 |
| 3 | 1991 | greenfield | 3000 permanent + 200 seasonal | April 2017 |
| 4 | One in 2009; Second in 2011; Third in 2016 | brownfield | 2400 altogether | January 2017 |
| 5 | 2006 | brownfield | 850 altogether | December 2016 |
| 6 | 2017 | acquisition (the acquired plant was established through a greenfield investment) | 2000 | April–May, 2019 |
| 7 | 1998 | greenfield | 650–700 | May, 2019 |
| 8 | 2017 | brownfield | 260 | May, 2019 |
| 9 | 1997 | greenfield | 4000 | September, 2019 |
| 10 | 2006 | greenfield | 180 | December, 2019 |
[i] Source: own compilation based on company interviews conducted in the framework of the research
Table 3
Characteristics of the companies in our sample by the use of an intermediary country and type of the entry mode
| Company | Has it come directly or through an intermediary country? | If it came through an intermediary country, which is that? | Entry mode: greenfield or acquisition |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | direct | greenfield | |
| 2 | through intermediary | Netherlands | greenfield |
| 3 | direct | greenfield | |
| 4 | through intermediary | Cyprus | acquisition |
| 5 | through intermediary | Netherlands | acquisition |
| 6 | through intermediary | Luxembourg | acquisition |
| 7 | through intermediary | Hong Kong, China | greenfield |
| 8 | through intermediary | Switzerland | acquisition |
| 9 | through intermediary | Netherlands | greenfield |
| 10 | direct | greenfield |
[i] Source: own compilation based on the company interviews
Table 4
Japanese and South Korean FDI in offshore centres in percentage of the total outward FDI, 2017
| Share of offshore centres in total outward FDI stock | |
|---|---|
| South Korea | 6.4% |
| Japan | 3.5% |
[i] Note: Favoured offshore centres according to IMF (2014): Japan – Cayman Islands, Malaysia; South Korea – Unpublished data for the British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Cyprus, Guernsey, Jersey, Macao, Malaysia, Palau, Panama (no published data is available in the case of the Bahamas, Belize, Bermuda, Isle of Man, Seychelles and Samoa due to the low number of investor companies and hence their identifiability).
[ii] Source: OECD (https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?QueryId=64220)