Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Results of Hausman test of mean group and pooled mean group models
| Low sill employment | ||||
| Variable | (b) | (B) | (b − B) | sqrt (diag (V_b − V_B)) |
| MG | PMG | difference | S.E. | |
| Log GVA(L1.) | 0.907 | 1.151 | −0.244 | 0.469 |
| Log TFP (L1.) | −2.422 | −3.569 | 1.147 | 3.926 |
| Chi2(2) = = (b − B)′ [(V _ b − V _ B) ˆ(−1)] (b − B) | P value | |||
| 0.4 | 0.821 | |||
| Middle skill employment | ||||
| Variable | (b) | (B) | (b − B) | sqrt diag (V _ b − V _ B) |
| MG | PMG | difference | S.E. | |
| Log GVA(L1.) | 0.228 | 0.428 | −0.200 | 0.090 |
| Log TFP (L1.) | −0.444 | −1.149 | 0.705 | 0.580 |
| Chi2(2) = = (b − B) ′ [(V _ b − V _ B) ˆ(−1)] (b − B) | P value | |||
| 4.94 | 0.085 | |||
| High skill employment | ||||
| Variable | (b) | (B) | (b − B) | sqrt diag (V _ b − V _ B) |
| MG | PMG | difference | S.E. | |
| Log GVA(L1.) | 0.009 | 0.205 | −0.197 | 0.273 |
| Log TFP (L1.) | 1.470 | 1.155 | 0.315 | 2.923 |
| Chi2(2) = = (b − B) ′ [(V _ b − V _ B) ˆ(−1)] (b − B) | P value | |||
| 4.94 | 0.085 | |||
Impact of Technology on high skill labour
| VARIABLES | ECT | Bulgaria | Czech R | Hungary | Poland | Romania | Slovakia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECT | 0.100**(0.0145) | −0.923***(0.138) | −0.55***(0.034) | −0.850***(0.180) | −0.383***(0.060) | −0.969***(0.268) | |
| D.ln High skill | −0.124**(0.048) | −0.48**(0.020) | −0.21**(0.020) | −0.47(0.029) | −0.50***(0.003) | −0.70**(0.036) | |
| D.ln GVA | −0.551(0.429) | 1.053***(0.169) | −0.301***(0.104) | 0.194(0.180) | 0.279***(0.029) | −1.834***(0.550) | |
| D2.ln GVA | 1.585***(0.597) | −2.725***(0.487) | 0.948***(0.302) | −0.257(0.273) | −0.196***(0.068) | 4.396***(1.443) | |
| D3.ln GVA | −2.030**(0.798) | 3.312***(0.693) | −0.768**(0.385) | 0.416(0.283) | 0.617***(0.094) | −3.966***(1.366) | |
| D4.ln GVA | 1.143*(0.592) | −1.655***(0.420) | 0.163(0.222) | −0.215(0.150) | −0.804***(0.070) | 1.916***(0.691) | |
| D5.ln GVA | −0.237(0.189) | 0.311***(0.098) | 0.001(0.052) | 0.041(0.034) | 0.298***(0.021) | −0.389***(0.142) | |
| D.TFP | −0.176(0.300) | 1.634***(0.356) | 0.010(0.185) | 1.100***(0.319) | −0.440***(0.090) | 0.964**(0.442) | |
| L.ln GVA | 0.213***(0.025) | ||||||
| L.TFP | 2.560***(0.181) | ||||||
| Constant | −0.197(0.358) | 3.320***(0.484) | 0.201*(0.103) | 3.220***(0.679) | 1.290***(0.224) | 2.214***(0.606) | |
| Observations | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 |
| Standard errors in parentheses | |||||||
Impact of Technology on employment of low skill labour
| VARIABLES | ECT | Bulgaria | Czech R | Hungary | Poland | Romania | Slovakia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECT | −0.559**(0.272) | 0.161**(0.090) | −0.109**(0.043) | −0.739***(0.135) | −0.543***(0.157) | −0.252**(0.109) | |
| D.Ln low skill | −0.68**(0.012) | −0.198***(0.002) | −0.56**(0.011) | −0.39***(0.009) | −0.18***(0.007) | −0.80**(0.091) | |
| D.ln GVA | −0.050(0.246) | −0.063(0.056) | −0.038(0.080) | 0.002(0.042) | 0.055(0.070) | 0.167(0.183) | |
| D.ln TFP | −0.999(2.002) | 1.007***(0.390) | 4.704**(1.915) | 2.433***(0.706) | 1.600***(0.523) | 1.168(0.852) | |
| D2.ln TFP | −0.975(2.171) | −0.521(0.539) | −4.181***(1.531) | −3.417***(0.918) | −2.555***(0.796) | −1.384(1.126) | |
| D3.ln TFP | 0.513(0.739) | 0.079(0.260) | 1.742***(0.676) | 0.831***(0.321) | 0.917***(0.352) | −0.115(0.531) | |
| L.ln GVA | 0.211***(0.068) | ||||||
| L.ln TFP | −2.882***(0.219) | ||||||
| Constant | 1.617*(0.869) | −0.428(0.306) | 0.267*(0.142) | 2.515***(0.802) | 1.890**(0.837) | 0.280(0.280) | |
| Observations | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 |
Impact of Technology on middle skill labour
| VARIABLES | ECT | Bulgaria | Czech R | Hungary | Poland | Romania | Slovakia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECT | −1.060***(0.210) | −0.209**(0.085) | −0.387**(0.021) | −0.372***(0.096) | −0.163***(0.051) | −0.195**(0.012) | |
| D.ln Middle Skill | −0.125**(0.055) | −0.190***(0.018) | −0.0170**(0.055) | −0.390***(0.004) | −0.220**(0.019) | −0.160**(0.032) | |
| D.ln GVA | 1.441***(0.243) | −0.292***(0.112) | 0.657*(0.350) | 0.492***(0.062) | 0.224***(0.057) | 0.470**(0.191) | |
| D2.ln GVA | −1.152***(0.286) | 0.446***(0.159) | −0.525(0.339) | −0.308***(0.072) | −0.053(0.069) | −0.051(0.230) | |
| D3.ln GVA | 0.473***(0.150) | −0.486***(0.105) | 0.193(0.134) | 0.034(0.040) | −0.066(0.041) | −0.071(0.105) | |
| D.ln TFP | −0.006(0.011) | −0.161***(0.034) | 0.014(0.050) | −0.015(0.018) | −0.038***(0.013) | 0.006(0.021) | |
| L. ln GVA | 0.368***(0.065) | ||||||
| L.ln TFP | −0.719***(0.187) | ||||||
| Constant | 3.588***(0.736) | 0.613*(0.325) | 1.246(0.839) | 1.589***(0.464) | 0.607**(0.261) | 0.589(0.432) | |
| Observations | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 |
| Standard errors in parentheses | |||||||