References
- Bodner, M., Hochenauer, C., & Hacker, V., 2015. Effect of pinhole location on degradation in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources, 295, 336–348.
- Büchi, F. N., & Srinivasan, S., 1997. Operating proton exchange membrane fuel cells without external humidification of the reactant gases: Fundamental aspects. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 144(8), 2767–2772. DOI: 10.1149/1.1837893
- Chen, J., Luo, Y., Zhang, L., Kwan, T. H., & Yao, Q., 2025. Multi-physics pinhole size tolerance analysis on the leakage characteristics and performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Energy Science & Engineering, 3, 4402–4416. DOI: 10.1002/ese3.70183
- Chippar, P., Oh, K., Kim, W.-G., & Ju, H., 2014. Numerical analysis of effects of gas crossover through membrane pinholes in high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(6), 2863–2871.
- Collier, A., Wang, H., Yuan, X. Z., Zhang, J., & Wilkinson, D. P., 2006. Degradation of polymer electrolyte membranes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 31(13), 1838–1854. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.05.006
- De Moor, G., Bas, C., Charvin, N., Moukheiber, E., Niepceron, F., Breilly, N., André, J., Rossinot, E., Claude, E., Albérola, N. D., & Flandin, L., 2012. Understanding membrane failure in PEMFC: Comparison of diagnostic tools at different observation scales. Fuel Cells, 12(3), 356–364. DOI: 10.1002/fuce.201100161
- Ding, F., Zou, T., Wei, T., Chen, L., Qin, X., Shao, Z., & Yang, J., 2023. The pinhole effect on proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) current density distribution and temperature distribution. Applied Energy, 342, Article 121136.
- Ehlinger, V. M., Kusoglu, A., & Weber, A. Z., 2019. Modeling coupled durability and performance in polymer-electrolyte fuel cells: Membrane effects. Journal of The Electrochemical Society.
- Endoh, E., Terazono, S., Widjaja, H., & Takimoto, Y., 2004. Degradation study of MEA for PEMFCs under low humidity conditions. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 7, A209–A211.
- Kusoglu, A., Karlsson, A. M., Santare, M. H., Cleghorn, S., & Johnson, W. B., 2006. Mechanical response of fuel cell membranes subjected to a hygro-thermal cycle. Journal of Power Sources, 161(2), 987–996. DOI: 10.1016/j.powsour.2006.05.020
- Lai, Y., Mittelsteadt, C. K., Gittleman, C. S., & Dillard, D. A., 2009. Viscoelastic stress analysis of constrained proton exchange membranes under humidity cycling. Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 6(2), Article 021002. DOI: 10.1115/1.2971045
- Meredith, M. T., Kao, D.-Y., Hickey, D., Schmidtke, D. W., & Glatzhofer, D. T., 2011. High current density ferrocene-modified linear poly(ethylenimine) bioanodes and their use in biofuel cells. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 158(2), B166–B174. DOI: 10.1149/1.3505950
- Moukheiber, E., Bas, C., & Flandin, L., 2014. Understanding the formation of pinholes in PFSA membranes with the essential work of fracture (EWF). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(6), 2717–2723. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.03.031
- Nguyen, T.-T., & Fushinobu, K., 2020. Effect of operating conditions and geometric structure on gas crossover in PEM fuel cells. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 37, Article 100584.
- Silberstein, M. N., & Boyce, M. C., 2011. Hygro-thermal mechanical behavior of Nafion during constrained swelling. Journal of Power Sources, 196(7), 3452–3460. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.116
- Tang, Y., Karlsson, A. M., & Santare, M. H., 2006. An experimental investigation of humidity and temperature effects on the mechanical properties of perfluorosulfonic acid membrane. Materials Science and Engineering A, 425(1–2), 297–304.
- Yu, J., 2005. In situ analysis of performance degradation of a PEMFC under nonsaturated humidification. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 8, A156.
- Yu, J., Matsuura, T., Yoshikawa, Y., Islam, M. N., & Hori, M., 2005. Lifetime behavior of a PEM fuel cell with low humidification of feed stream. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 7(2), 373–378.
- Zhang, S., Yuan, X.-Z., Hin, J., Wang, H., Friedrich, K. A., & Schulze, M., 2009. A review of platinum-based catalyst layer degradation in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources, 194(2), 588–600. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.06.073