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Optimized Nitrogen Application Rate Significantly Increases Total Economic Value and Quality of Flue-Cured Tobacco due to the Improvement of Superior Tobacco Yield Cover

Optimized Nitrogen Application Rate Significantly Increases Total Economic Value and Quality of Flue-Cured Tobacco due to the Improvement of Superior Tobacco Yield

Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research
Volume 33 (2024): Issue 2 (April 2024)
By: Yi Pu,  Kuai Dai,  Xinghui Gu,  Meiju Liu,  Jiangzhou Li,  Yan Wang,  Shuyuan Yin,  Changhua Zhao,  Limeng Zhang and  Shan Lin  
Open Access
|Jun 2024

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Effects of the N application rate on the economic value (EV) and N economic benefit (NEB) of flue-cured tobacco average over years. Bars labeled with different capital letters indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05) among N treatments. Error bars represent the standard error of means.
Effects of the N application rate on the economic value (EV) and N economic benefit (NEB) of flue-cured tobacco average over years. Bars labeled with different capital letters indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05) among N treatments. Error bars represent the standard error of means.

Figure 2.

Effect of the N rate on the integrate grade of chemical quality of average over years in C3F grade. Integrate grade was calculated based on Table S2 and Table S4. Different capital letters indicate significant difference among the N rates (p < 0.05). Error bars represent the standard error of means.
Effect of the N rate on the integrate grade of chemical quality of average over years in C3F grade. Integrate grade was calculated based on Table S2 and Table S4. Different capital letters indicate significant difference among the N rates (p < 0.05). Error bars represent the standard error of means.

Figure 3.

Effect of the N rate on leaf midrib proportions of upper B2F, middle C3F and lower X2F flue-cured tobacco leaves. Different capital letters indicate significant differences among the N rates in the same grade (p < 0.05).
Effect of the N rate on leaf midrib proportions of upper B2F, middle C3F and lower X2F flue-cured tobacco leaves. Different capital letters indicate significant differences among the N rates in the same grade (p < 0.05).

Figure 4.

Effect of the N rate on the average yield of superior, medium and inferior flue-cured tobacco. Different capital, lowercase and italics lowercase letters indicate the significant differences in the yields of superior tobacco, medium and inferior tobacco, respectively (p < 0.05). The classification criterion and responding sales prices of superior, medium and inferior are shown in Table S2.
Effect of the N rate on the average yield of superior, medium and inferior flue-cured tobacco. Different capital, lowercase and italics lowercase letters indicate the significant differences in the yields of superior tobacco, medium and inferior tobacco, respectively (p < 0.05). The classification criterion and responding sales prices of superior, medium and inferior are shown in Table S2.

Figure 5.

Correlation between the total economic value (EV) and yield of superior, medium and inferior flue-cured tobacco average over two years.
Correlation between the total economic value (EV) and yield of superior, medium and inferior flue-cured tobacco average over two years.

Figure 6.

Effect of the N rate on the average leaf growth rate at resetting, topping and harvesting stage average over years. Different capital letters indicate significant difference among the N rates (p < 0.05).
Effect of the N rate on the average leaf growth rate at resetting, topping and harvesting stage average over years. Different capital letters indicate significant difference among the N rates (p < 0.05).

Figure 7.

Correlation between the yield of superior tobacco and the leaf growth rate in the prosperous stage over six N rates and two years.
Correlation between the yield of superior tobacco and the leaf growth rate in the prosperous stage over six N rates and two years.

Figure 8.

Nitrogen effect equation between the sum of applied N rate and the residual soil inorganic N before transplanting and economic value (EV) of flue-cured tobacco and superior tobacco yield. Two data points outside the 95% confidence were excluded for establish of the effect equation. The residual soil inorganic N content before transplanting is shown in Table S5.
Nitrogen effect equation between the sum of applied N rate and the residual soil inorganic N before transplanting and economic value (EV) of flue-cured tobacco and superior tobacco yield. Two data points outside the 95% confidence were excluded for establish of the effect equation. The residual soil inorganic N content before transplanting is shown in Table S5.

The standard of grading superior, medium and inferior flue-cured tobacco and their corresponding purchase price_

ClassificationGradeMaturityStructureThicknessOil contentChromaLength (cm)Mutilation (%)Price (RMB kg−1)
SuperiorB1FMaturitySlight looseSlight thickManyVery strong451541.4
B2FMaturitySlight looseSlight thickMediumStrong402034.0
C1FMaturityLooseMediumManyVery strong451048.5
C2FMaturityLooseMediumMediumStrong401543.8
C3FMaturityLooseMediumMediumMedium352538.8
MediumB3FMaturitySlight denseSlight thickMediumMedium353022.0
X2FMaturityLooseSlight thinLessMedium352522.9
X3FMaturityLooseSlight thinLessWeak303011.9
X2VSlight maturityLooseSlight thinLessMedium35158.6
InferiorCX1KSlight maturityLooseSlight thinMedium—35205.8

Effects of nitrogen N application rate on the average content of the chemical compound as intrinsic quality indexes of superior C3F tobacco leaf average over years (n = 6)_

N rate (kg N ha−1)Nicotine (%)Total N (%)Reducing sugar (%)Total sugar (%)K (%)Cl (%)Total sugar / nicotineTotal N / nicotineK / Cl
01.40 ± 0.041.44 ± 0.0121.5 ± 0.0636.0 ± 0.791.43 ± 0.020.44 ± 0.0430.1 ± 2.121.31 ± 0.093.43 ± 0.40
451.42 ± 0.031.51 ± 0.0322.2 ± 0.4736.7 ± 1.341.40 ± 0.020.47 ± 0.0826.2 ± 0.721.22 ± 0.074.43 ± 0.38
601.56 ± 0.051.56 ± 0.0219.8 ± 0.5934.0 ± 0.911.66 ± 0.130.39 ± 0.0222.2 ± 2.111.08 ± 0.064.72 ± 1.37
752.49 ± 0.072.20 ± 0.0718.6 ± 0.9428.1 ± 1.171.48 ± 0.070.42 ± 0.0616.4 ± 0.330.79 ± 0.023.04 ± 0.06
902.38 ± 0.051.91 ± 0.0820.6 ± 0.7031.8 ± 0.961.40 ± 0.030.35 ± 0.0412.2 ± 0.110.82 ± 0.034.42 ± 0.18
1052.08 ± 0.041.72 ± 0.0219.2 ± 0.0831.2 ± 0.421.46 ± 0.020.37 ± 0.0315.1 ± 0.770.82 ± 0.023.57 ± 0.34
LSD0.050.280.232.845.590.290.276.160.312.73
Best range2.20–2.802.00–2.5018.0–22.026.0–30.0≥ 2.50c 0.608.50–9.500.95–1.05≥ 8.00

Range of chemical compound content and the corresponding grade of flue-cured tobacco style characteristics evaluation of the first most influential tobacco areas in Yunnan province – chemical composition evaluation table (C3F)_

CompoundGrading rules
100100–9090–8080–7070–60
Nicotine (%) (B1)2.20–2.802.20–2.002.00–1.801.80–1.701.70–1.60
2.80–2.902.90–3.003.00–3.103.10–3.20
Total N (%) (B2)2.00–2.502.00–1.901.90–1.801.80–1.701.70–1.60
2.50–2.602.60–2.702.70–2.802.80–2.90
Reducing sugar (%) (B3)18.0–22.018.0–16.016.0–14.014.0–13.013.0–12.0
22.0–24.024.0–26.026.0–27.027.0–28.0
K (%) (B4)≥ 2.502.50–2.002.00–1.501.50–1.201.20–1.00
Total sugar / Nicotine (B5)8.50–9.508.50–7.007.00–6.006.00–5.505.50–5.00
9.50–12.012.0–13.013.0–14.014.0–15.0
Total N / Nicotine (B6)0.95–1.050.95–0.800.80–0.700.70–0.650.65–0.60
1.05–1.201.20–1.301.30–1.351.35–1.40
K/Cl (B7)≥ 8.008.00–6.006.00–5.005.00–4.504.50–4.00
Integrated grade (IG)IG = B1 × 0.18 + B2 × 0.10 + B3 × 0.15 + B4 × 0.09 + B5 × 0.26 + B6 × 0.12 + B7 × 0.10

Inorganic nitrogen content in 0–20 cm soil before tobacco transplanting (BefTrp) and after harvesting (AftHarv) in the experimental site (kg N ha−1)_

TimeN rateInorganic NNH4+ –NNO3− –N
BefTrp (April 22, 2021) 32.0 ± 2.201.45 ± 0.6530.5 ± 2.69
AftHarv (August 31, 2021)023.3 ± 1.370.98 ± 0.1222.4 ± 1.49
4525.9 ± 0.071.00 ± 0.0524.9 ± 0.12
6028.1 ± 0.851.01 ± 0.1127.0 ± 0.82
7531.7 ± 1.271.03 ± 0.0430.7 ± 1.24
9034.8 ± 0.831.33 ± 0.2633.5 ± 0.60
10547.4 ± 4.221.13 ± 0.1646.3 ± 4.36
BefTrp (April 25, 2022)027.0 ± 3.139.81 ± 0.4517.2 ± 2.93
4545.7 ± 7.798.12 ± 0.2437.6 ± 7.72
6054.5 ± 5.418.19 ± 0.2146.3 ± 5.21
7570.6 ± 8.219.71 ± 0.3360.8 ± 7.90
9073.3 ± 10.49.21 ± 1.5464.1 ± 10.0
10580.7 ± 1.149.79 ± 1.0970.9 ± 2.23
AftHarv (September 05, 2022)021.0 ± 6.652.58 ± 0.4018.5 ± 6.57
4556.2 ± 7.927.75 ± 0.4248.4 ± 7.82
6062.9 ± 8.9812.1 ± 2.7150.8 ± 7.35
7576.3 ± 9.506.80 ± 0.2969.5 ± 9.23
9090.4 ± 9.177.04 ± 1.5483.4 ± 7.92
10597.7 ± 7.667.29 ± 2.4090.4 ± 7.12

The annual average (1981–2020) and the experimental year (2021–2022) of precipitation, mean temperature and sunshine hours during the flue-cured tobacco growing season (April–August)_

Precipitation (mm)Temperature (°C )Sunshine duration (h)
Month1981–2020202120221981–2020202120221981–202020212022
April28.064.535.618.219.216.7223231227
May80.122.569.820.321.818.3208229219
June15216643.821.221.921.1131129130
July21010727.621.221.522.611696106
August16219995.421.421.522.4149124137
Average12611254.420.521.220.2165162164
Max26819995.431.833.131.1241231227
Min16.022.527.69.48.83.88996106

Recommendation of the optimal total N application rate, and the N rate as base fertilizer at resetting and as topdressing at prosperous growth stage according to the soil inorganic N content before transplanting and nitrogen effect equation, and nitrogen application amount_

Recommend N rate
Soil N min (kg N ha−1)Total (kg N ha−1)Base fertilizer (kg N ha−1)Top application (kg N ha−1)
201104466
301004060
40903654
50803248
60702842
70602436
80501535
9040535
10030030
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2024-0003 | Journal eISSN: 2719-9509
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Language: English
Page range: 136 - 147
Submitted on: Jul 10, 2023
Accepted on: Jan 17, 2024
Published on: Jun 9, 2024
Published by: Institut für Tabakforschung GmbH
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Nitrogen application rate,
leaf growth rate,
prosperous growth stage,
soil residual N
Related subjects:
General interest,
Life sciences,
Life sciences, other,
Physics,
Physics, other

© 2024 Yi Pu, Kuai Dai, Xinghui Gu, Meiju Liu, Jiangzhou Li, Yan Wang, Shuyuan Yin, Changhua Zhao, Limeng Zhang, Shan Lin, published by Institut für Tabakforschung GmbH
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License.

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