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A Cross-Sectional Survey on Prevalence and Behaviour of Smokeless Tobacco Use Among Tobacco Users in China

Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research
Volume 32 (2023): Issue 3 (July 2023)
By:
Open Access
|Sep 2023

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Analysis of the self-reported use occasions of ST in China based on city tiers, age, and sex.(Total participants, n = 801; First-tier city, n = 400; Second-tier city, n = 401; 18–29 years, n = 176; 30–39 years, n = 427; 40–60 years, n = 198; Male, n = 600; Female, n = 201).
Analysis of the self-reported use occasions of ST in China based on city tiers, age, and sex.(Total participants, n = 801; First-tier city, n = 400; Second-tier city, n = 401; 18–29 years, n = 176; 30–39 years, n = 427; 40–60 years, n = 198; Male, n = 600; Female, n = 201).

Figure 2.

Factors influencing the preference for ST producing areas. 
Factors influencing the preference for ST producing areas. 

Figure 3.

Analysis of the first opportunity to try using ST for Chinese smokers based on the city level, age, and sex.(Total participants, n = 801; First-tier city, n = 400; Second-tier city, n = 401; 18–29 years, n = 176; 30–39 years, n = 427; 40–60 years, n = 198; Male, n = 600; Female, n = 201)
Analysis of the first opportunity to try using ST for Chinese smokers based on the city level, age, and sex.(Total participants, n = 801; First-tier city, n = 400; Second-tier city, n = 401; 18–29 years, n = 176; 30–39 years, n = 427; 40–60 years, n = 198; Male, n = 600; Female, n = 201)

Figure 4.

Analysis of the main reason of ST use for Chinese smokers based on the city level, age, and sex.(Total participants, n = 801; First-tier city, n = 400; Second-tier city, n = 401; 18–29 years, n = 176; 30–39 years, n = 427; 40–60 years, n = 198; Male, n = 600; Female, n = 201)
Analysis of the main reason of ST use for Chinese smokers based on the city level, age, and sex.(Total participants, n = 801; First-tier city, n = 400; Second-tier city, n = 401; 18–29 years, n = 176; 30–39 years, n = 427; 40–60 years, n = 198; Male, n = 600; Female, n = 201)

Prevalence of various types of tobacco products_

Category City tierAge groupSex
All (%)First-tier (%)Second-tier (%)Third-tier (%)18–29 (%)30–39 (%)40–60 (%)Male (%)Female (%)
Cigarette91.595.189.290.293.290.390.891.491.8
E-cigarette18.521.719.614.121.818.111.416.325.0
Cigar9.813.19.76.68.710.99.79.89.9
Heated tobacco product (HTP)3.43.93.42.93.13.92.83.04.6
Waterpipe2.72.13.13.02.33.03.02.82.4
Roll-your-own cigarette2.61.93.03.02.72.72.62.62.8
Tobacco pipe2.30.92.93.21.92.14.42.61.6
Smokeless tobacco (ST)2.12.82.50.92.12.02.11.92.6
Number of participants3000100010001000115613614832246754

User concerns about smokeless tobacco (ST) products_

CategoryAll (%)City TierAge category (years)Sex
First-tier (%)Second-tier (%)18–29 (%)30–39 (%)40–60 (%)Male (%)Female (%)
Taste and feel49.244.753.640.351.054.352.140.2
Convenience of carrying38.542.235.046.737.832.438.541.5
Taste38.134.342.535.438.040.239.335.5
Word-of-mouth36.341.032.352.731.233.334.844.3
Brand23.828.118.430.123.121.623.025.2
Ease of purchase23.018.527.318.425.723.026.414.9
Physiological strength (nicotine content)21.824.320.621.122.822.224.216.0
The smell of the product before use20.218.123.218.018.327.820.121.2
Production place19.524.614.430.920.710.517.526.1
Package15.918.514.116.715.118.318.910.7
Pipe shape11.112.310.010.611.212.112.39.6
Overall (number)801400401176427198600201

Nicotine content preference for smokeless tobacco (ST) products_

Nicotine content (mg/g)All (%)City tierAge category (years)Sex
First-tier (%)Second-tier (%)18–29 (%)30–39 (%)40–60 (%)Male (%)Female (%)
41–503.51.04.81.33.62.32.26.2
31–400.80.01.10.01.41.20.02.7
21–309.97.013.19.57.913.811.06.1
11–2027.524.730.832.227.226.031.016.8
1–1058.667.350.257.060.955.755.869.2
Average (mg/g)11.5410.0013.1010.5311.4312.6911.6411.27
Overall (number)801400401176427198600201

Degree of nicotine dependence based on the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence - Smokeless Tobacco (FTND-ST)_

Degree of dependenceAllCity tierAge category (years)Sex
First-tier (%)Second-tier (%)18–29 (%)30–39 (%)40–60 (%)Male (%)Female (%)
Very low9.412.77.44.014.14.010.85.0
Low21.019.022.216.520.625.823.014.9
Moderate19.920.319.616.522.517.216.828.9
High43.343.743.155.136.348.041.349.3
Extremely high6.54.37.88.06.65.18.12.0
Average score5.295.145.385.905.035.305.205.56
Overall (number)801400401176427198600201

Proportion of mixed use of different tobacco products_

CategoryDual use (%)Triple use (%)
Cigarette57.60/63.4860.7739.1053.56
E-cigarette/42.5036.52/29.1024.62
Smokeless tobacco (ST)42.4057.50//31.70/
Heated tobacco product (HTP)///39.03/21.82

Composition of smokeless tobacco (ST) users_

Characteristics of tobacco usersCategoryUsers (%)Non-users (%)
SexFemale32.125.0
Male67.975.0
Age18–29 years30.638.7
30–39 years53.345.2
40–60 years16.116.1
Household income (per month)< 10,000 RMB (< 1,533 USD)3.218.2
10,000–19,999 RMB (1,533–3,065 USD)45.146.6
20,000–29,999 RMB (3,065–4,598 USD)46.827.2
> 30,000 RMB (> 4,598 USD)4.87.9
EducationCollege degree below8.50.2
College degree18.55.2
Bachelor degree65.384.9
Master degree or above7.79.7
Total (number) 622938
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2023-0011 | Journal eISSN: 2719-9509
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Language: English
Page range: 101 - 112
Submitted on: Oct 15, 2022
Accepted on: Jul 14, 2023
Published on: Sep 28, 2023
Published by: Institut für Tabakforschung GmbH
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 times per year
Keywords:
Smokeless tobacco,
China,
tobacco users,
usage behaviour
Related subjects:
General interest,
Life sciences,
Life sciences, other,
Physics,
Physics, other

© 2023 Yaning Fu, Huan Chen, Saijing Zheng, Sen Zhang, Yichun Zhang, Daiwei Yan, Hongjuan Wang, Shulei Han, Yushan Tian, Yingyan Li, Guoyu Li, Tong Liu, Huimin Zhao, Yue Su, Hongwei Hou, Qingyuan Hu, published by Institut für Tabakforschung GmbH
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License.

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