The Effects of Cigarette Filter Ventilation on Delivery and Retention of Organic Acids

Qixin, Deng; Wei, Xie; Zechun, Liu; Jiangsheng, Liu; Tingui, Zhang; Fenyan, Lian; Kunyan, Chen; Jianping, Xie; Huimin, Liu; Cong, Nie; Quanping, Yan

doi:10.2478/cttr-2021-0015

Figures & Tables

Schematic illustration of filter transverse cuts (a) and concentric longitudinal cuts (b).

Total ion chromatograms (SIM mode) of a standard organic acids mixture solution (a), TPM samples (b) and retention in filtration (c). 1 = formic acid; 2 = acetic acid; 3 = propionic acid; 4 = butyric acid; 5 = 2-methylbutyric acid; 6 = 3-methylbutyric acid; 7 = N-valeric acid; 8 = 3-methylvaleric acid; 9 = 4-methylvaleric acid; 10 = lactic acid; 11 = caproic acid; 12 = IS; 13 = 2-furoic acid; 14 = heptanoic acid; 15 = malonic acid; 16 = benzoic acid; 17 = octanoic acid; 18 = succinic acid; 19 = nonanoic acid; 20 = 2-decenoic acid; 21 = malic acid; 22 = lauric acid; 23 = tridecanoic acid; 24 = myristic acid; 25 = pentadecanoic acid; 26 = palmitic acid; 27 = linoleic acid; 28 = oleic acid; 29 = linolenic acid; 30 = stearic acid. (27, 28, 29 separated by using respective monitor ions 338, 340, 336)

Spatial distribution of formic acid in the filter at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation (1000 × μg / mm3).

Spatial distribution of lactic acid in the filter at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation (1000 × μg / mm3).

Spatial distribution of palmitic acid in the filter at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation (1000 × μg / mm3).

Spatial distribution of nicotine in the filter at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation (μg / mm3).

Spatial distribution of water in the filter at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation (μg / mm3).

Photograph of cigarette filters at different ventilation levels after smoking. (a) 0% ventilation, (b) 20% ventilation, and (c) 40% ventilation.

Photographs of the 40% ventilated cigarette filter after smoking. (a) 0.2 second after a puff, (b) 0.5 second after a puff, and (c) 1 second after a puff.

A possible model for smoke diffusion in a ventilated cigarette filter.

Design specification of cigarette samples_

Cigarette description	Value
Tobacco rod length (mm)	57
Filter tip length (mm)	27
CA filter specification (denier)	3.0/Y32000
Cigarette circumference (mm)	24.3
Blend style	Chinese flue-cured tobacco
Weight of cigarette (g)	0.89
Filter ventilation (%)	Pressure drop (Pa)
0±1	1301~1399
10±1	1244~1342
20±1	1195~1293
30±1	1036~1134
40±1	942~1040

The yields of organic acids in the gas phase at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation_

Compound	ISO								HCI

	Ventilation 0%	Ventilation 10%		Ventilation 20%		Ventilation 30%		Ventilation 40%		Blocked

	Delivery (μg/cig)	Delivery (μg/cig)	Reduction	Delivery (μg/cig)	Reduction	Delivery (μg/cig)	Reduction	Delivery μg/cig)	Reduction	Delivery (μg/cig)	Increase
Formic acid	2.85	2.70	5.26%	2.49	12.63%	2.35	17.54%	2.18	23.51%	4.21	47.72%
Acetic acid	6.37	6.07	4.71%	5.64	11.46%	5.38	15.54%	4.82	24.33%	9.22	44.74%

The retention time, monitor ions, calibration curves, correlation coefficients, limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantification (LOQ), recovery and relative standard deviations (RSDs) of organic acids (n = 6)_

Components	Retention time (min)	Monitor ions (m/z)	Calibration curves	Correlation coefficients	LODs (s/n=3) (μg/cig)	LOQs (s/n=10) (μg/cig)	Recovery (%)	RSDs (%)
Formic acid	5.9	103^a / 75	y = 1.261x + 0.0263	0.9998	0.72	2.4	75.34	8.58
Acetic acid	7.81	117 ^a / 75	y = 1.112x + 0.0137	0.9998	0.90	3.0	78.53	6.24
Propionic acid	10.69	131 ^a / 75	y = 0.983x + 0.0026	0.9998	0.18	0.6	82.26	4.47
Butyric acid	14.04	145 ^a / 75	y = 0.948x + 0.0027	0.9999	0.09	0.3	81.33	4.03
2-Methylbutyric acid	15.62	159 ^a / 117	y = 0.760x + 0.0011	0.9998	0.18	0.6	83.35	3.57
3-Methylbutyric acid	16.04	159 ^a / 117	y = 0.887x + 0.0005	0.9999	0.18	0.6	82.24	3.68
N-Valeric acid	17.89	159 ^a / 117	y = 0.874x − 0.0004	0.9997	0.18	0.6	86.68	3.55
3-Methylvaleric acid	20.11	159 ^a / 117	y = 0.051x − 0.0002	0.9998	0.21	0.7	88.62	3.34
4-Methylvaleric acid	20.34	173 ^a / 132	y = 0.708x −0.0048	0.9997	0.21	0.7	89.35	3.29
Lactic acid	21.41	147 ^a / 117	y = 1.001x + 0.0029	0.9999	0.15	0.5	87.24	4.24
Hexanoic acid	21.71	173 / 117	y = 0.822x − 0.0011	0.9996	0.18	0.6	86.32	4.33
IS	23.57	171 ^a / 75
2-Furoic acid	24.15	125 ^a / 169	y = 1.327x − 0.0089	0.9993	0.12	0.4	83.37	4.56
Heptanoic acid	25.39	117 ^a / 75	y = 0.435x − 0.0028	0.9994	0.18	0.6	84.56	3.28
Malonic acid	26.78	147 ^a / 73	y = 2.860x − 0.2947	0.9991	0.09	0.3	87.25	3.39
Benzoic acid	28.33	179 ^a / 105	y = 1.379x − 0.0088	0.9994	0.12	0.4	90.36	3.87
Octanoic acid	28.87	117 ^a / 75	y = 0.494x − 0.0043	0.9998	0.18	0.6	93.37	3.61
Succinic acid	30.72	147 ^a / 73	y = 1.031x − 0.0254	0.9999	0.09	0.3	91.25	2.36
Nonanoic acid	32.18	215 ^a / 117	y = 0.712x − 0.0115	0.9998	0.18	0.6	92.23	3.25
2-Decenoic acid	35.31	229 ^a / 117	y = 0.652x − 0.0161	0.9997	0.18	0.6	91.69	3.27
Malic acid	36.64	147 ^a / 233	y = 1.065x − 0.0753	0.9995	0.15	0.5	92.72	3.59
Lauric acid	41.01	117 ^a / 258	y = 0.533x − 0.0323	0.9994	0.18	0.6	91.29	2.63
Tridecanoic acid	43.81	117 ^a / 272	y = 0.515x − 0.0366	0.9996	0.18	0.6	89.87	3.19
Myristic acid	46.38	117 ^a / 286	y = 0.022x − 0.0037	0.9991	0.12	0.4	88.53	3.28
Pentadecanoic acid	48.84	117 ^a / 132	y = 0.512x − 0.0447	0.9998	0.18	0.6	88.86	3.62
Palmitic acid	51.18	117 ^a / 132	y = 0.513x − 0.0425	0.9993	0.18	0.6	86.24	1.94
Linoleic acid	54.96	338 ^a / 263	y = 0.049x − 0.0114	0.9990	0.42	1.4	90.39	3.45
Oleic acid	55.07	340 ^a / 117	y = 0.148x − 0.0221	0.9996	0.39	1.3	88.76	3.13
Linolenic acid	55.14	336 ^a / 108	y = 0.026x − 0.0064	0.9992	0.42	1.4	89.35	3.26
Stearic acid	55.59	342 ^a / 117	y = 0.084x − 0.0113	0.9995	0.18	0.6	84.24	2.07

The yields of organic acids in cigarette smoke (gas phase and TPM) at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation_

Components	ISO										HCI		BP (°C)	MW

	Ventilation 0%		Ventilation 10%		Ventilation 20%		Ventilation 30%		Ventilation 40%		Blocked

	Delivery (μg/cig)	ACS ^a (mol)	Delivery (μg/cig)	Reduction (%)	Delivery (μg/cig.)	Reduction (%)	Delivery (μg/cig)	Reduction (%)	Delivery (μg/cig)	Reduction (%)	Delivery (μg/cig)	Increase (%)
Formic acid	49.12	1.07	40.17	18..2	34.83	29.1	27.51	44.0	20.52	58.2	136.96	117.7	101	46
Acetic acid	121.91	2.03	102.36	16.0	87.37	28.3	65.66	46.1	52.80	56.7	288.29	120.1	117	60
Propionic acid	9.71	0.13	8.24	15.2	7.08	27.1	5.93	38.9	4.47	54.0	28.92	197.8	141	74
Butyric acid	1.24	0.01	1.06	14.6	0.92	25.9	0.80	35.6	0.63	49.2	4.49	261.7	163	88
2-Methylbutyric acid	1.77	0.02	1.56	12.1	1.38	22.2	1.24	30.1	1.01	43.1	3.36	89.1	176	102
N-Valeric acid	0.83	0.01	0.73	11.8	0.66	20.2	0.60	27.5	0.51	38.4	1.44	74.2	185	102
Lactic acid	70.05	0.78	59.34	15.3	50.08	28.5	42.54	39.3	31.97	54.4	142.57	103.5	122	90
Hexanoic acid	1.09	0.01	0.98	10.5	0.92	15.9	0.89	18.7	0.74	32.4	1.62	48.1	202	116
2-Furoic acid	12.95	0.12	11.73	9.4	10.90	15.8	9.59	25.9	8.86	31.6	26.95	108.2	230	112
Heptanoic acid	3.53	0.03	3.16	10.5	2.97	15.9	2.76	21.8	2.43	31.2	5.28	49.6	223	130
Malonic acid	2.16	0.04	1.85	14.4	1.66	23.1	1.53	29.2	1.42	34.3	4.24	96.3	140	104
Benzoic acid	4.99	0.04	4.52	9.4	4.25	14.8	3.92	21.4	3.54	29.1	9.43	88.9	249	122
Octanoic acid	1.21	0.01	1.11	8.3	1.05	13.2	0.95	21.5	0.86	28.9	2.23	84.3	240	144
Succinic acid	0.97	0.02	0.88	9.3	0.84	13.4	0.77	20.6	0.72	25.8	1.35	39.2	236	118
Nonanoic acid	5.28	0.03	4.78	9.5	4.53	14.2	4.21	20.3	4.01	24.1	9.12	72.7	254	158
2-Decenoic acid	2.40	0.01	2.18	9.2	2.04	15.0	1.93	19.6	1.78	25.8	3.45	43.8	270	172
Malic acid	5.18	0.08	4.68	9.7	4.33	16.4	4.09	21.0	3.98	23.2	8.64	66.8	306	134
Lauric acid	1.13	0.01	1.02	9.7	0.97	14.2	0.91	19.5	0.89	21.2	2.12	87.6	299	200
Tridecanoic acid	2.98	0.01	2.71	9.1	2.58	13.4	2.41	19.1	2.31	22.5	4.67	56.7	236	214
Myristic acid	2.56	0.01	2.33	9.0	2.25	12.1	2.12	17.2	2.04	20.3	4.25	66.0	250	228
Pentadecanoic acid	3.92	0.02	3.59	8.4	3.42	12.8	3.25	17.1	3.12	20.4	6.26	59.7	257	242
Palmitic acid	86.94	0.34	81.34	6.4	76.23	12.3	71.89	17.3	70.51	18.9	95.33	9.6	351	256
Linoleic acid	64.07	0.23	59.71	6.8	56.39	12.0	52.78	17.6	51.61	19.4	74.59	16.4	230	280
Oleic acid	13.65	0.05	12.79	6.3	12.07	11.6	11.28	17.4	11.01	19.3	18.30	34.0	360	282
Linolenic acid	97.53	0.35	89.39	8.3	86.75	11.0	80.12	17.8	78.53	19.5	128.06	31.3	230	278
Stearic acid	24.14	0.08	22.85	5.3	21.62	10.4	19.98	17.2	19.56	19.0	28.24	17.0	361	284
Total	591.31	5.46	525.06	11.2	478.09	19.1	419.66	29.0	379.82	35.8	990.13	67.4

The filter retention of routine smoke components at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation_

Components	ISO									HCI

	Ventilation 0%	Ventilation 10%		Ventilation 20%		Ventilation 30%		Ventilation 40%		Blocked

	Filter retention (mg/cig)	Filter retention (mg/cig)	Reduction (%)	Filter retention (mg/cig)	Reduction (%)	Filter retention mg/cig.	Reduction (%)	Filter retention (mg/cig)	Reduction (%)	Filter retention (mg/cig)	Increase (%)
Nicotine	0.52	0.50	3.8	0.49	5.8	0.48	7.7	0.47	9.6	1.02	96.2
Water	2.35	1.82	22.6	1.34	43.0	0.81	65.5	0.46	80.4	21.52	815.7

The filter retention of organic acids at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation_

Components	ISO									HCI

	Ventilation 0%	Ventilation 10%		Ventilation 20%		Ventilation 30%		Ventilation 40%		Blocked

	Filter retention (μg/cig)	Filter retention (μg/cig)	Reduction (%)	Filter retention (μg/cig)	Reduction (%)	Filter retention (μg/cig)	Reduction (%)	Filter retention (μg/cig)	Reduction (%)	Filter retention (μg/cig)	Increase (%)
Formic acid	61.86	56.41	8.8	48.35	21.8	42.36	31.5	37.59	39.2	147.79	138.9
Acetic acid	345.85	313.24	9.4	277.93	19.6	243.89	29.5	211.23	38.9	653.11	117.8
Propionic acid	33.08	30.38	8.2	27.48	16.9	24.61	25.6	21.84	34.0	74.24	124.4
Butyric acid	9.44	8.74	7.4	8.03	15.0	7.29	22.8	6.58	30.3	17.72	87.6
2-Methylbutyric acid	3.25	3.12	4.0	2.76	15.1	2.56	21.2	2.34	27.9	7.13	119.3
N-Valeric acid	2.05	1.96	4.2	1.83	10.6	1.76	14.0	1.66	19.1	3.77	84.3
Lactic acid	63.99	57.23	10.6	50.29	21.4	45.87	28.3	39.84	37.7	103.38	61.5
Hexanoic acid	3.61	3.46	4.2	3.26	9.8	3.08	14.7	2.93	18.9	4.75	31.5
2-Furoic acid	12.60	12.08	4.1	11.38	9.6	10.95	13.1	10.42	17.3	22.61	79.5
Heptanoic acid	4.51	4.31	4.4	4.08	9.5	3.88	14.0	3.68	18.4	7.63	69.2
Malonic acid	2.87	2.73	4.9	2.61	9.1	2.45	14.6	2.31	19.5	4.24	47.7
Benzoic acid	6.21	5.96	4.0	5.65	9.0	5.38	13.4	5.12	17.5	13.69	120.5
Octanoic acid	1.69	1.62	4.1	1.53	9.5	1.45	14.2	1.39	17.8	2.51	48.5
Succinic acid	1.54	1.48	3.9	1.41	8.4	1.37	11.0	1.28	16.9	2.14	39.0
Nonanoic acid	9.36	9.08	3.0	8.68	7.3	8.37	10.6	8.01	14.4	12.39	32.4
2-Decenoic acid	3.53	3.42	3.1	3.27	7.4	3.19	9.6	3.05	13.6	5.58	58.1
Malic acid	8.47	8.24	2.7	7.93	6.4	7.69	9.2	7.38	12.9	13.77	62.6
Lauric acid	1.66	1.62	2.4	1.57	5.4	1.51	9.0	1.47	11.4	2.24	34.9
Tridecanoic acid	3.57	3.49	2.2	3.39	5.0	3.28	8.1	3.19	10.6	4.96	38.9
Myristic acid	4.12	4.02	2.4	3.94	4.4	3.80	7.8	3.74	9.2	6.53	58.5
Pentadecanoic acid	5.25	5.12	2.5	5.05	3.8	4.91	6.5	4.81	8.4	7.98	52.0
Palmitic acid	95.01	93.64	1.4	91.68	3.5	90.36	4.9	88.81	6.5	117.94	24.1
Linoleic acid	91.87	90.39	1.6	88.82	3.3	87.35	4.9	85.89	6.5	103.57	12.7
Oleic acid	49.06	48.58	1.0	47.72	2.7	47.06	4.1	46.38	5.5	49.81	1.5
Linolenic acid	105.34	104.39	0.9	103.29	2.0	102.24	2.9	101.23	3.9	129.07	22.5
Stearic acid	55.26	54.93	0.6	54.51	1.4	54.13	2.0	53.78	2.7	88.32	5.5

The yields of routine smoke components at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation_

Compound	ISO									HCI

	Ventilation 0%	Ventilation 10%		Ventilation 20%		Ventilation 30%		Ventilation 40%		Blocked

	Delivery	Delivery	Reduction	Delivery	Reduction	Delivery	Reduction	Delivery	Reduction	Delivery	Increase
NFDPM (mg/cig)	9.30	8.42	9.5%	7.49	19.5%	6.60	29.0%	5.60	39.8%	19.40	108.6%
TPM (mg/cig)	11.39	10.21	10.4%	8.97	21.3%	7.85	31.1%	6.57	42.3%	29.40	158.1%
Nicotine (mg/cig)	0.79	0.73	7.6%	0.67	15.2%	0.63	20.3%	0.59	25.3%	1.56	97.5%
Water (mg/cig)	1.30	1.06	18.5%	0.81	37.7%	0.62	52.3%	0.38	70.8%	8.44	549.2%
CO (mg/cig)	11.50	9.91	13.8%	8.23	28.4%	6.65	42.2%	5.40	53.0%	21.90	90.4%
Puff Number	5.6	5.8	3.8%	6.0	7.1%	6.2	10.7%	6.4	14.3%	8.2	46.4%

The Effects of Cigarette Filter Ventilation on Delivery and Retention of Organic Acids

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

Design specification of cigarette samples_

The yields of organic acids in the gas phase at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation_

The retention time, monitor ions, calibration curves, correlation coefficients, limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantification (LOQ), recovery and relative standard deviations (RSDs) of organic acids (n = 6)_

The yields of organic acids in cigarette smoke (gas phase and TPM) at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation_

The filter retention of routine smoke components at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation_

The filter retention of organic acids at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation_

The yields of routine smoke components at different filter ventilation levels under the ISO smoking regime and the HCI smoking regime with blocked ventilation_

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