Impacts of Environmental Variations on Quality and Chemical Contents of Oriental Tobacco

Kurt, Dursun

doi:10.2478/cttr-2021-0006

Figures & Tables

Dendrogram showing the genetic affinity of tobacco genotypes.

Variation in quality grade index (% of A grades) values of 25 tobacco genotypes at four different locations.

Variation in nicotine content of 25 tobacco genotypes at four different locations.

Variation in reducing sugars (glucose + fructose) content of 25 tobacco genotypes at four different locations.

Variation in phenolics (chlorogenic acid + rutin) content of 25 tobacco genotypes at four different locations.

Glucose, fructose and reducing sugar content of 25 genotypes in four locations_

Genotype	Glucose (% DM)					Fructose (% DM)					Reducing sugar (glucose + fructose) (% DM)

	Evciler	Kara.	Güm.	Bafra	Mean	Evciler	Kara.	Güm.	Bafra	Mean	Evciler	Kara.	Güm.	Bafra	Mean
ERB-5	1.95 k	3.63 hk	2.84 d	2.66 df	2.77	2.60 k	5.15 ei	5.02	4.74	4.38	4.54 i	8.79 ei	7.86 df	7.41 fg	7.15
ERB-6	4.65 bd	3.46 ik	3.96 a	2.66 df	3.68	5.58 cf	6.15 cd	5.63	4.99	5.59	10.23 cf	9.61 df	9.59 a	7.65 bg	9.27
ERB-7	3.03 ij	4.44 ef	4.01 a	3.18 be	3.66	4.92 eh	6.48 cd	5.16	5.42	5.50	7.95 g	10.92 c	9.17 ac	8.60 ac	9.16
ERB-9	3.75 fi	4.50 ef	3.02 d	2.65 df	3.48	4.94 eh	4.54 hj	5.11	4.95	4.88	8.69 fg	9.04 eh	8.13 bf	7.60 cg	8.36
ERB-11	2.83 j	3.55 ik	2.87 d	2.73 cf	2.99	5.04 dg	4.49 j	5.08	5.11	4.93	7.87 g	8.04 hi	7.95 cf	7.84 ag	7.93
ERB-12	1.16 l	4.29 eg	3.23 cd	3.07 bf	2.94	3.58 ij	5.95 ce	4.84	5.29	4.91	4.74 hi	10.24 cd	8.07 bf	8.36 ag	7.85
ERB-13	1.36 kl	4.08 fh	3.29 bd	2.72 cf	2.86	4.42 gi	5.73 cg	5.32	5.01	5.12	5.79 hi	9.81 de	8.61 ae	7.73 ag	7.99
ERB-14	4.26 cf	2.49 lm	3.88 ab	2.63 df	3.32	6.04 cd	3.59 k	5.34	4.81	4.95	10.30 ce	6.08 jl	9.21 ab	7.45 eg	8.26
ERB-15	4.08 df	4.10 fh	2.87 d	2.90 bf	3.49	5.79 ce	5.40 dh	5.00	4.98	5.29	9.87 df	9.50 dg	7.87 df	7.88 ag	8.78
ERB-16	1.67 kl	1.68 n	3.77 ac	3.08 bf	2.55	2.77 jk	3.38 k	5.30	4.75	4.05	4.44 i	5.06 l	9.07 ad	7.82 ag	6.60
ERB-17	4.60 be	3.58 hk	3.90 ab	2.90 bf	3.74	6.03 cd	4.83 hi	5.18	4.93	5.24	10.63 ce	8.41 gi	9.08 ad	7.83 ag	8.99
ERB-18	2.06 k	4.64 de	2.89 d	3.16 bf	3.19	4.02 hi	4.91 gi	5.00	5.09	4.76	6.08 h	9.55 dg	7.88 df	8.25 ag	7.94
ERB-19	4.13 df	3.85 gj	3.03 d	3.36 b	3.59	5.93 ce	5.23 ei	5.13	5.01	5.32	10.07 df	9.07 eh	8.16 bf	8.37 ag	8.92
ERB-21	6.80 a	3.93 gi	3.08 d	3.05 bf	4.21	7.95 a	5.06 fi	5.29	5.33	5.91	14.75 a	8.98 eh	8.37 bf	8.38 ag 10.12
ERB-23	4.06 df	1.79 n	2.96 d	3.93 a	3.19	5.23 dg	4.71 hi	5.16	4.78	4.97	9.29 eg	6.50 jk	8.12 bf	8.71 ab	8.16
ERB-25	3.88 eg	2.76 l	3.04 d	3.25 bc	3.23	5.37 dg	3.89 jk	5.15	5.24	4.91	9.26 eg	6.64 j	8.19 bf	8.49 af	8.15
ERB-26	4.97 bc	3.53 ik	2.68 d	3.43 ab	3.65	6.41 bc	5.82 cf	5.18	5.36	5.69	11.37 bd	9.35 dg	7.86 df	8.79 a	9.35
ERB-27	3.26 gj	2.66 l	2.86 d	3.32 b	3.02	4.63 fh	5.11 ei	5.04	5.24	5.00	7.89 g	7.77 i	7.90 df	8.56 ad	8.03
ERB-30	4.48 cf	5.63 c	2.98 d	3.44 ab	4.13	7.16 ab	8.66 a	5.02	5.07	6.48	11.64 bc	14.29 a	8.00 bf	8.51 ae 10.61
ERB-35	3.07 ij	2.10 mn	2.94 d	3.22 bd	2.83	5.16 dg	3.39 k	4.65	5.02	4.55	8.23 g	5.49 kl	7.59 ef	8.24 ag	7.39
ERB-38	3.17 hj	3.23 k	2.78 d	2.66 df	2.96	4.94 eh	5.40 dh	4.84	5.28	5.12	8.11 g	8.64 fi	7.62 ef	7.94 ag	8.08
Xan.2A	2.97 j	3.34 jk	2.85 d	2.65 df	2.95	5.02 eg	5.06 fi	5.01	4.92	5.00	7.99 g	8.40 gi	7.87 df	7.57 cg	7.96
Nail	5.19 b	8.88 a	2.81 d	2.68 cf	4.89	7.39 a	5.86 cf	4.78	4.70	5.68	12.58 b	14.74 a	7.59 ef	7.37 g 10.57
Canik	3.85 fh	6.89 b	2.89 d	2.58 f	4.05	5.49 cf	8.14 a	4.93	4.89	5.87	9.35 eg	15.03 a	7.82 df	7.48 dg	9.92
Xan.81	3.11 ij	5.03 d	2.66 d	2.60 ef	3.35	4.98 eh	7.25 b	4.65	5.08	5.49	8.09 g	12.28 b	7.31 f	7.68 bg	8.84
Mean	3.53	3.92	3.12	2.98	3.39	5.26	5.37	5.07	5.04	5.18	8.79	9.29	8.20	8.02	8.57
M. check	3.78	6.04	2.80	2.63	3.81	5.72	6.58	4.84	4.90	5.51	9.50	12.61	7.65	7.53	9.32
M. lines	3.49	3.52	3.19	3.05	3.31	5.17	5.14	5.12	5.07	5.12	8.65	8.66	8.30	8.11	8.43
LSD _0.05	0.64	0.46	0.59	0.49		0.85	0.74	0.62	0.56		0.35	0.99	1.04	0.89
CV (%)	11.09	7.17	11.51	10.03		9.91	8.39	7.46	6.80		9.40	6.47	7.74	6.80
Mean square and significance															df
Genotype	5.09^**	7.28^**	0.54^**	0.37^**		4.76^**	5.09^**	0.15	0.12		18.76^**	20.55^**	1.05^**	0.61^*	24
Error	0.15	0.08	0.13	0.09		0.27	0.20	0.14	0.12		0.68	0.36	0.40	0.30	48

Monthly climate data during vegetative growth in the locations_

Months		Erbaa			Gümüşhacıköy			Bafra

		LTA.	2017	D.	LTA.	2017	D.	LTA.	2017	D.
April	°C	14.2	12.4	−1.8	11.0	10.0	−1.0	11.2	9.9	−1.3
	mm	55.4	45.2	−10.2	56.9	43.6	−13.3	57.7	63.0	5.3
	%	58.6	65.2	6.6	58.7	62.9	4.2	79.0	85.8	6.8
May	°C	18.1	17.0	−1.1	14.4	14.4	0	15.5	15.0	−0.5
	mm	62.2	50.5	−11.7	75.5	70.9	−4.6	47.2	53.6	6.4
	%	60.7	71.6	10.9	59.6	69.5	9.9	79.4	87.6	8.2
June	°C	21.6	21.4	−0.2	18.2	18.4	0.2	20.1	20.3	0.2
	mm	48.4	94.5	46.1	74.9	87.3	12.4	34.6	45.9	11.3
	%	58.1	73.6	15.5	58.9	79.2	20.3	74.9	84.7	9.8
July	°C	23.9	20.8	−3.1	20.7	21.3	0.6	22.8	23.5	0.7
	mm	24.6	1.2	−23.4	26.6	8.4	−18.2	31.0	0	−31
	%	55.4	74.2	18.8	53.3	55.5	2.2	73.1	95.2	22.1
August	°C	23.8	25.9	2.1	21.1	22.3	1.2	22.9	24.3	1.4
	mm	9.9	1.0	−8.9	11.3	9.2	−2.1	47.3	24.8	−22.5
	%	55.6	65.8	10.2	50.9	67.7	16.8	74.5	75.2	0.7
September	°C	20.5	22.2	1.7	17.4	20.8	3.4	19.5	21.2	1.7
	mm	16.1	2.9	−13.2	13.0	13.2	0.2	59.7	13.0	−46.7
	%	57.9	61.6	3.7	53.9	51.7	−2.2	76.8	75.2	−1.6
October	°C	15.4	13.9	−1.5	12.3	12.2	−0.1	15.4	15.4	0
	mm	41.7	26.9	−14.8	45.4	23.9	−21.5	96.8	21.8	−75
	%	63.2	77.0	13.8	61.4	64.5	3.1	78.7	72.0	−6.7
Mean temperature (°C)		19.6	19.1	−0.6	16.4	17.1	0.6	18.2	18.5	0.3
Total precipitation (mm)		258.3	222.2	−36.1	303.6	256.5	−47.1	374.3	222.1	−152.2
Mean relative humidity (%)		58.5	69.9	11.4	56.7	64.4	7.8	76.6	82.2	5.6

Soil analysis results of the locations_

Properties		Locations

		Evciler		Karayaka		Gümüşhacıköy		Bafra
P₂O₅	(kg ha⁻¹)	0.51	low	0.62	moderate	0.48	low	0.34	low
K₂O	(kg ha⁻¹)	16.97	high	17.53	high	15.68	high	13.72	high
Lime	(%)	10.2	moderately calcareous	2.39	calcareous	5.17	moderately calcareous	12.73	moderately calcareous
Org. Mat.	(%)	95	very low	143	low	2.36	moderate	1.76	low
pH		7.99	slightly alkaline	7.81	slightly alkaline	7.98	slightly alkaline	7.61	slightly alkaline
EC	(dS m⁻¹)	0.25	very low	0.13	very low	1.12	very low	0.72	very low
Texture			clay loam		sandy loam		sandy loam		sandy loam

Chlorogenic acid, rutin and the sum of chlorogenic acid + rutin amounts of 25 genotypes in four locations_

Genotype	Chlorogenic acid (ppm)					Rutin (ppm)					Chlorogenic acid + rutin (ppm)

	Evciler	Kara.	Güm.	Bafra	Mean	Evciler	Kara.	Güm.	Bafra	Mean	Evciler	Kara.	Güm.	Bafra	Mean
ERB-5	248 ij	534 fg	83 kl	41 j	226.4	638 fk	615 ef	304 ce	144 hj	425.3	886 ij	1149 jl	387 gi	185 kl	651.7
ERB-6	490 a	773 d	164 c	74 gi	375.3	677 dh	857 ab	389 bc	189 ej	528.1	1167 bd	1630 bc	553 bc	263 gk	903.4
ERB-7	483 a	528 fh	75 l	136 cd	305.6	999 a	729 cd	309 ce	293 ac	582.6	1482 a	1256 hj	385 gi	429 bc	888.3
ERB-9	414 bc	385 j	95 j	63 hj	239.3	661 ej	464 h	358 bd	143 hj	406.6	1076 bg	848 o	453 dh	206 il	645.9
ERB-11	394 bd	449 i	109 i	116 df	267.1	1021 a	613 ef	334 be	303 ab	567.9	1415 a	1062 ln	443 eh	419 bd	835.0
ERB-12	343 dg	727 d	75 l	119 df	315.9	544 kl	669 df	249 e	217 dg	419.9	886 ij	1396 eg	324 i	337 eg	735.9
ERB-13	407 bc	531 fh	118 gh	235 a	322.8	694 dh	673 df	375 bd	305 ab	511.8	1101 be	1203 ik	494 bf	539 a	834.6
ERB-14	300 gh	474 gi	112 hi	99 eg	246.5	732 cf	646 df	297 de	230 cf	476.5	1032 eh	1120 km	409 fh	329 eg	723.0
ERB-15	322 eg	532 fg	125 fg	84 gi	265.9	642 fk	669 df	388 bc	253 be	488.1	964 fi	1201 ik	513 be	338 eg	754.1
ERB-16	309 gh	364 j	146 d	140 cd	239.7	647 fj	455 h	421 ab	253 be	444.2	956 gi	819 o	567 b	393 ce	683.9
ERB-17	374 ce	492 gi	185 b	61 ij	278.1	724 cg	597 fg	475 a	166 fj	490.6	1098 bf	1089 km	659 a	227 hk	768.6
ERB-18	367 cf	734 d	153 d	129 ce	345.8	594 hk	596 fg	365 bd	156 gj	427.7	962 gi	1330 fh	517 be	285 gi	773.6
ERB-19	261 hi	932 b	122 fg	94 fh	352.5	459 lm	649 df	331 ce	212 dh	412.9	719 k	1581 cd	453 dh	307 fh	765.4
ERB-21	444 ab	877 bc	204 a	74 gi	399.8	758 be	834 ab	479 a	171 fj	560.7	1203 b	1710 b	683 a	245 hk	960.5
ERB-23	310 gh	721 d	190 b	55 ij	319.3	754 ce	697 ce	487 a	141 ij	519.7	1064 cg	1417 ef	677 a	196 jl	838.9
ERB-25	408 bc	616.4 e	129 ef	158 bc	327.9	573 ik	514 gh	301 ce	295 ac	420.8	981 ei	1130 km	429 eh	454 bc	748.8
ERB-26	366 cf	1120 a	90 jk	130 ce	426.7	674 di	899 a	337 be	213 dh	530.8	1040 dg	2019 a	427 eh	343 dg	957.6
ERB-27	239 ik	857 c	83 kl	175 b	338.7	797 bc	638 df	333 be	308 ab	519.2	1036 dg	1495 de	416 fh	484 ab	857.9
ERB-30	326 eg	338 j	168 c	130 ce	240.6	851 b	780 bc	370 bd	325 a	581.8	1177 bc	1118 km	538 bd	455 bc	822.4
ERB-35	222 ik	180 k	83 kl	142 cd	156.7	565 jk	482 h	293 de	259 ae	399.9	787 jk	662 p	376 hi	401 ce	556.6
ERB-38	331 eg	332 j	171 c	80 gi	228.7	623 gk	643 df	287 de	194 di	436.9	954 gi	975 n	459 dh	274 gj	665.6
Xan.2A	193 k	467 hi	137 e	79 gi	219.2	706 cg	818 ab	291 de	199 di	503.9	899 hj	1286 gi	428 eh	279 gi	723.2
Nail	313 fh	752 d	104 i	54 ij	305.7	641 fk	629 ef	293 de	121 j	420.9	954 gi	1380 fg	397 gi	175 l	726.6
Canik	199 jk	582 ef	149 d	85 gi	253.9	417 m	662 df	343 bd	193 di	403.8	616 l	1244 hj	492 bf	278 gi	657.8
Xan.81	249 ij	386 j	119 gh	118 df	218.2	765 bd	644 df	355 bd	262 ad	506.7	1014 ei	1030 mn	475 cg	381 cf	724.9
Means	332.6	587.4	127.7	106.9	288.7	686.3	658.9	350.7	221.9	479.5	1018.9	1246.4	478.4	328.9	768.2
M. check	238.6	546.9	127.6	84.2	249.3	632.1	688.5	320.7	193.9	458.8	870.7	1235.5	448.2	278.1	708.1
M. lines	350.5	595.2	127.7	111.3	296.2	696.7	653.3	356.4	227.3	483.4	1047.2	1248.5	484.2	338.6	779.6
LSD 0.05	48.35	57.06	7.79	27.67		87.50	83.20	75.16	59.36		115.20	102.40	76.57	70.57
CV (%)	8.85	5.91	3.71	15.75		7.76	7.69	13.05	16.29		6.88	5.01	9.75	13.07
Mean square and significance															df
Genotype	^**	^**	^**	^**		^**	^**	^**	^**		^**	^**	^**	^**	24
Genotype	20764.6	146546.5	4337.5	5953.5		57835.8	40088.8	11817.3	11189.5		105917.9	266647.8	26430.2	29988.2	24
Error	867	1208	22.54	284		2840.52	2567	2096	1307		4921	3891	2175 1847		48

Quality grade index and nicotine contents of 25 genotypes in four locations_

Genotypes	Quality grade index (%)					Nicotine (% DM)

	Evciler	Karayaka	G.Hacıköy	Bafra	Mean	Evciler	Karayaka	G.Hacıköy	Bafra	Mean
ERB-5	96.09 ad	74.96 ae	65.05 fi	69.27 a	76.34	0.71 fg	1.81 dh	1.02 bd	0.34 fg	0.97
ERB-6	90.97 ce	75.77 ad	71.75 dg	50.87 ae	72.34	1.02 af	1.28 gh	1.03 bd	0.32 fg	0.91
ERB-7	96.77 ac	79.93 ab	73.07 df	62.36 ac	78.03	1.16 ad	2.02 bg	0.59 hi	0.52 be	1.07
ERB-9	80.06 gh	64.64 bg	43.63 k	39.37 df	56.92	0.87 cg	2.04 bg	0.78 di	0.31 g	1.00
ERB-11	73.20 i	48.92 gh	69.00 eh	39.18 df	57.57	0.88 bg	1.49 fh	0.91 cg	0.46 bg	0.93
ERB-12	96.87 ac	68.19 af	65.13 fi	56.00 ad	71.55	0.82 dg	2.69 ac	0.63 gi	0.61 ac	1.19
ERB-13	98.55 ab	69.60 af	79.93 ad	66.52 ab	78.65	1.32 a	2.59 ad	0.86 ch	0.68 a	1.36
ERB-14	91.77 ce	61.81 cg	58.53 hj	57.65 ad	67.44	1.17 ac	2.58 ad	0.68 fi	0.48 bg	1.23
ERB-15	100.00 a	65.66 bf	88.26 ab	57.10 ad	77.75	0.96 bf	2.30 be	0.92 cg	0.57 ad	1.19
ERB-16	89.22 ef	61.55 cg	76.78 ce	40.47 df	67.01	0.77 eg	1.09 h	1.14 ac	0.41 dg	0.85
ERB-17	85.31 fg	61.30 cg	47.71 k	46.47 be	60.20	1.16 ad	1.69 eh	0.96 cf	0.41 dg	1.06
ERB-18	76.55 hi	61.04 dg	53.04 jk	32.97 ef	55.90	0.83 cg	2.01 cg	1.13 ac	0.47 bg	1.11
ERB-19	90.49 df	83.53 a	87.37 ac	57.41 ad	79.70	0.83 cg	2.07 bf	0.86 ch	0.49 bf	1.06
ERB-21	80.50 gh	65.54 bf	85.38 ac	59.05 ad	72.62	1.05 ae	1.57 eh	0.93 cg	0.36 eg	0.98
ERB-23	95.12 ad	65.72 bf	64.96 fi	67.54 a	73.34	1.14 ad	2.70 ac	0.94 cf	0.40 dg	1.29
ERB-25	76.35 hi	57.89 fg	60.80 hj	44.09 ce	59.78	0.99 fg	1.33 fh	0.92 cg	0.46 bg	0.92
ERB-26	94.35 ae	78.73 ab	57.80 ij	48.99 ae	69.96	0.95 bf	2.52 ad	0.74 di	0.47 bg	1.17
ERB-27	76.07 hi	40.33 h	46.33 k	24.17 f	46.72	0.85 cg	1.53 eh	0.73 di	0.46 bg	0.89
ERB-30	93.33 be	70.14 af	89.89 a	48.87 ae	75.56	1.06 ae	1.51 fh	1.35 a	0.45 bg	1.09
ERB-35	81.44 gh	79.14 ab	85.21 ac	55.77 ad	75.39	0.70 fg	1.99 cg	0.53 i	0.60 ac	0.96
ERB-38	96.65 ac	77.77 ac	84.23 ac	53.72 ad	78.09	1.03 af	2.66 ac	0.86 ch	0.44 cg	1.25
Xanthi 2A	96.84 ac	82.19 a	78.73 be	50.53 ae	77.07	0.99 af	2.81 ab	0.99 be	0.57 ad	1.34
Nail	94.62 ae	68.16 af	62.19 gj	61.33 ac	71.58	1.08 ae	2.58 ad	0.78 di	0.40 dg	1.21
Canik 190–5	94.75 ae	58.94 eg	68.70 eh	59.43 ad	70.45	0.54 g	1.40 fh	1.25 ab	0.42 dg	0.90
Xanthi 81	95.81 ad	79.72 ab	76.68 ce	58.46 ad	77.67	1.22 ab	3.15 a	0.70 ei	0.62 ab	1.42
Mean	89.67	68.05	69.61	52.30	69.91	0.96	2.06	0.89	0.47	1.09
M. checks	95.50	72.26	71.57	57.44	74.19	0.96	2.48	0.93	0.50	1.22
M. lines	88.56	67.25	69.23	51.32	69.09	0.97	1.97	0.88	0.46	1.07
LSD_0.05	4.97	13.77	9.30	17.06		0.28	0.66	0.25	0.14
CV (%)	3.37	12.32	8.13	19.87		17.97	19.65	17.14	18.80
Mean square and significance										df
Genotype	207.26^**	336.07^**	564.63^**	364.88^**		0.10^**	0.98^**	0.12^**	0.03^**	24
Error	9.15	70.31	32.09	107.99		0.03	0.16	0.02	0.01	48

Impacts of Environmental Variations on Quality and Chemical Contents of Oriental Tobacco

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Glucose, fructose and reducing sugar content of 25 genotypes in four locations_

Monthly climate data during vegetative growth in the locations_

Soil analysis results of the locations_

Chlorogenic acid, rutin and the sum of chlorogenic acid + rutin amounts of 25 genotypes in four locations_

Quality grade index and nicotine contents of 25 genotypes in four locations_

Paradigm

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