Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Relationship Between Mainstream Cigarette Smoke “Tar” and Nicotine Yields Cover

Relationship Between Mainstream Cigarette Smoke “Tar” and Nicotine Yields

By: MJ Morton,  SW Laffoon,  PJ Lipowicz and  JI Seeman  
Open Access
|Dec 2014

References

  1. 1. Baker, R.R. and L.J. Bishop: The Pyrolysis of Tobacco Ingredients; J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 71 (2004) 223–311.10.1016/S0165-2370(03)00090-1
  2. 2. Baker, R.R., E.D. Massey, and G. Smith: An Over-view of the Effects of Tobacco Ingredients on Smoke Chemistry and Toxicity; Food Chem. Toxicol. 42S (2004) S53–S83.10.1016/j.fct.2004.01.001
  3. 3. Baker, R.R., J.R. Pereira da Silva, and G. Smith: The Effect of Tobacco Ingredients on Smoke Chemistry. Part I: Flavorings and Additives; Food Chem. Toxicol. 42S (2004) S3–S37.10.1016/S0278-6915(03)00189-3
  4. 4. Carmines, E.L.: Evaluation of the Potential Effects of Ingredients Added to Cigarettes. Part 1: Cigarette Design, Testing Approach, and Review of Results; Food Chem. Toxicol. 40 (2002) 77–91.
  5. 5. Chepiga, T.A., M.J. Morton, P.A. Murphy, J.T. Avalos, B.R. Bombick, D.J. Doolittle, M.F. Borgerding, and J.E. Swauger: A Comparison of the Mainstream Smoke Chemistry and Mutagenicity of a Representative Sample for the U.S. Cigarette Market with two Kentucky Reference Cigarettes (K1R4F and K1R5F); Food Chem. Toxicol. 38 (2000) 949-962.
  6. 6. Counts, M.E., F.S. Hsu, S.W. Laffoon, R.W. Dwyer, and R.H. Cox: Mainstream Smoke Constituent Yields and Predicting Relationships From a Worldwide Market Sample of Cigarette Brands: ISO Smoking Conditions; Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 39 (2004) 111-134.
  7. 7. Counts, M.E., M.J. Morton, S.W. Laffoon, R.H. Cox, and P.J. Lipowicz: Smoke Composition and Predicting Relationships for International Commercial Cigarettes Smoked with Three Machine-Smoking Conditions; Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 41 (2005) 185-227.
  8. 8. Counts, M.E., F.S. Hsu, and FJ. Tewes: Development of a Commercial Cigarette “Market Map” Comparison Methodology for Evaluating New or Non-Con-ventional Cigarettes; Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 46 (2006) 225-242.
  9. 9. Gaworski, CL., M.J. Oldham, K.A. Wagner, C.R.E. Coggins, and G.J. Patskan: An Evaluation of the Tox-icity of 95 Ingredients Added Individually to Experi-mental Cigarettes: Approach and Methods; Inhal. Toxicol. 23 (S1) (2011) 1-12.
  10. 10. Gaworski, CL., K.A. Wagner, M.J. Morton, and M.J. Oldham: Insights From a Multi-Year Program De-signed to Test the Impact of Ingredients on Mainstream Cigarette Smoke Toxicity; Inhal. Toxicol. 23 (S1) (2011) 1-12.
  11. 11. Green, CR., J.N. Schumacher, R.A. Lloyd Jr, and A. Rodgman: Comparisons of the Composition of Tobacco Smoke and the Smokes from Various Tobacco Substitutes; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 22 (2007) 258-289.
  12. 12. Harris, J.E.: Incomplete Compensation Does Not Im-ply Reduced Harm: Yields of 40 Smoke Toxicants per Milligram Nicotine in Regular Filter Versus Low-Tar Cigarettes in the 1999 Massachusetts Benchmark Study; Nicotine Tob. Res. 6 (2004) 797-807.
  13. 13. Hoffmann, D. and I. Hoffmann: The Changing Cigarette: Chemical Studies and Bioassays; in: Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine-Measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine, Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 13., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Insti-tutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA, pp. 159-191, 2001.
  14. 14. Rodgman, A. and T.A. Perfetti: The Composition of Tobacco Smoke: A Chronology of the Studies of Four Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 22 (2006) 208-254.
  15. 15. Roemer, E., F.J. Tewes, T.J. Meisgen, D.J. Veltel, and E.L. Carmines: Evaluation of the Potential Ef-fects of Ingredients Added to Cigarettes. Part 3: In Vitro Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity; Food Chem. Toxicol. 40 (2002) 105-111.
  16. 16. Rustemeier, K., R. Stabbert, H.-J. Haussmann, E. Roemer, and E.L. Carmines: Evaluation of the Potential Effects of Ingredients Added to Cigarettes. Part 2: Chemical Composition of Mainstream Smoke; Food Chem. Toxicol. 40 (2002) 93-104.
  17. 18. Stavanja, M.S., P.H. Ayres, D.R. Meckley, B.R. Bombick, D.H. Pence, M.F. Borgerding, M.J. Mor-ton, A.T. Mosberg, and J.E. Swauger: Toxicological Evaluation of Honey as an Ingredient Added to Ciga-rette Tobacco; J Toxicol Environ Health Part A. 66 (2003) 1453–1474.
  18. 19. Stavanja, M.S., P.H. Ayres, D.R. Meckley, E.R. Bombick, M.F. Borgerding, M.J. Morton, C.D. Gar-ner, D.H. Pence, and J.E. Swauger: Safety Assess-ment of High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) as an In-gredient Added to Cigarette Tobacco; Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 57 (2006) 267–281.
  19. 20. Stephens, W.E.: Dependence of Tar, Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide Yields on Physical Parameters: Implications for Exposure, Emissions Control and Monitoring; Tob. Control 16 (2007) 170–176.
  20. 21. Theophilus, E.H., B.R. Bombick, D.R. Meckley, M.A. Higuchi, M.F. Borgerding, M.J. Morton, A.T. Mosberg, and J.E. Swauger: Toxicological Evaluation of Propane Expanded Tobacco; Food Chem. Toxicol. 41 (2003) 1771–1780.
  21. 22. Theophilus, E.H., D.B. Poindexter, D.R. Meckley, B.R. Bombick, M.F. Borgerding, M.A. Higuchi, P.H. Ayres, M.J. Morton, A.T. Mosberg, and J.E. Swauger: Toxicological Evaluation of Dry Ice Ex-panded Tobacco; Toxicol. Letters. 145 (2003) 107–119.
  22. 23. Vanscheeuwijck, P.M., A. Teredesai, P.M. Terpstra, J. Verbeeck, P. Kuhl, B. Gerstenberg, S. Gebel, and E.L. Carmines: Evaluation of the Potential Effects of Ingredients Added to Cigarettes. Part 4: Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity; Food Chem. Toxicol. 40 (2002) 113–131.
  23. 24. Baker, R.R.: The Development and Significance of Standards for Smoking-Machine Methodology; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 20 (2002) 23–41.
  24. 25. FTC 1967 Press Release, August 1, 1967; Available at http://www.pmi.com/eng/tobacco_regulation/ regulating_tobacco/regulation_of_tobacco_smoke/ documents/1967_ftc_press_release_ftc%20to%20 begin%20cigarette%20testing.pdf (accessed Decem-ber 2013)
  25. 26. National Cancer Institute: The FTC Cigarette Test Method for Determining Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide Yields of U.S. Cigarettes; Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 7. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA (1996) NIH Pub. No. 96–4028 (Chapters 1, 2, 9, 11).
  26. 27. National Cancer Institute: Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine-Measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine, Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 13. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA (2001) NIH Pub. No. 02–5074 (Chapters 3, 6, 7).
  27. 28. Rodgman, A.: FTC ‘Tar’ and Nicotine in Mainstream Smoke: A retrospective; Rec. Adv. Tob. Sci. 23 (1997) 5–74.
  28. 29. Connolly, G.N., H. R. Alpert, G.F. Wayne, and H. Koh: Trends in Nicotine Yield in Smoke and its Relationship with Design Characteristics Among Popular U.S. Cigarette Brands 1997–2005; Tob. Control (2007) 16(5):e5.10.1136/tc.2006.019695259854817897974
  29. 29. Borgerding, M.F., J.A. Bodnar, D.E. Wingate, C.R. Taylor, J.R. Reid, M.A. Sudholz, K.F. Podraza, F.S. Hsu, and J.F. Whidby: The 1999 Massachusetts Benchmark Study; Massachusetts Department of Public Health under the Massachusetts public records law, 2000. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/ documentStore/y/e/k/yek21c00/Syek21c00.pdf (ac-cessed December 2013).
  30. 30. Gregg, E., C. Hill, M. Hollywood, M. Kearney, K. McAdam, D. McLaughlin, S. Purkis, and M. Williams: The UK Smoke Constituents Testing Study. Summary of Results and Comparison With Other Studies; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 21 (2004) 117–138.
  31. 31. Morton, M.J. and S.W. Laffoon: Cigarette Smoke Chemistry Market Maps under Massachusetts Department of Public Health Smoking Conditions; Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 51 (2008) 1–30.
  32. 32. Swauger, J.E., T.J. Steichen, P.A. Murphy, and S. Kinsler: An Analysis of the Mainstream Smoke Chemistry of Samples of the U.S. Cigarette Market Acquired Between 1995 and 2000; Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 35 (2002) 142–156.
  33. 33. Laugesen, M. and J. Fowles: Marlboro Ultrasmooth: A Potentially Reduced Exposure Cigarette?; Tob. Control 15 (2006) 430–435.
  34. 34. van Amsterdam, J.G.C., T.M. Brunt, A.P.J. Verlaan, R.F.M.J. Cleven, A. Opperhuizen, and W. Vleeming: The Relation Between the Quantity of Ammonium Compounds in Tobacco and the Nitrogen Monoxide (NO) Levels in the Smoke of Cigarettes Marketed in the Netherlands; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 22 (2006) 196–203.
  35. 35. Watson, C., J. McCraw, G. Polzin, and D.L. Ashley: Development of a Method to Assess Cigarette Smoke Intake; Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004) 248–253.
  36. 36. Hammond, D., F. Wiebel, L.T. Kozlowski, R. Borland, K.M. Cummings, R.J. O'Connor, A. McNeill, G.N. Connolly, D. Arnott, and G.T. Fong: Revising the machine smoking regime for cigarette emissions: Implications for tobacco control policy. Tob. Control 16 (2007) 8–14.
  37. 37. World Health Organization: Scientific Advisory Committee on Tobacco Product Regulation (SACTob) Recommendation on Tobacco Product Ingredients and Emissions (2004); Available at http://www.who.int/tobacco/sactob/recommendations/ en/ingredients_en.pdf (accessed August 10, 2011).
  38. 38. World Health Organization: The Scientific Basis of Tobacco Product Regulation: Report of a WHO Study Group. WHO Technical Report Series 945 (2007); Available at http://www.who.int/tobacco/global_ interaction/tobreg/who_tsr.pdf (accessed August 10, 2011).
  39. 39. Kozlowski, L.T., N.Y. Mehta, C.T. Sweeney, S.S. Schwartz, G.P. Vogler, M.J. Jarvis, and R.J. West: Filter Ventilation and Nicotine Content of Tobacco in Cigarettes from Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States; Tob. Control 7 (1998) 369–375.
  40. 40. Moore, G.E., I. Bross, R. Shamberger, and F.G. Bock: Tar and Nicotine Retrieval from Fifty-Six Brands of Cigarettes; Cancer 20 (1967) 323-332.
  41. 41. Moore, G.E. and F.G. Bock: “Tar” and Nicotine Lev-els of American Cigarettes; in: National Cancer Insti-tute Monograph 28: Toward a Less Harmful Ciga-rette, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Bethesda, MD, USA (1968) pp. 89-94.
  42. 42. St. Charles, F.K., CJ. Cook, and P.M. Clayton: The Linear Relationship Between Cigarette Tar and Nicotine Yields: Regulatory Implications for Smoke Con-stituent Ratios; Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 59 (2011) 143-148.
  43. 43. Federal Register, August 1, 1967. Cigarettes: Testing for Tar and Nicotine Content; Vol. 32, No. 147, p. 11178.
  44. 44. International Organization for Standardization (ISO): International Standard ISO 4387; Third Ed., Cigarettes - Determination of Total and Nicotine-Free Dry Particulate Matter Using a Routine Analytical Smoking Machine. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2000.
  45. 45. International Organization for Standardization (ISO): International Standard ISO 10315 Second Ed. and Corrigendum I, 2000 Cigarettes - Determination of Nicotine in Smoke Condensates - Gas Chromato-graphic Method. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2000.
  46. 46. Massachusetts General Laws: Chapter 94, Sect. 3 07B, 105 Code of Massachusetts Regulations 660.000 et seq., 1997.
  47. 47. Canada, 2000. Canada Government Tobacco Act: Tobacco Reporting Regulations, SOR/2000-273. Reg-istration June 26, 2000. Schedule 2: Official Methods for Collection of Emission Data on Mainstream Smoke. Methods available at: http://www.hcsc. gc.ca/ hecs-sesc/tobacco/legislation/index_testmethods_ main.html (accessed 2013) or through Health Canada, Tobacco Control Programme, P.L. 3506C, Ottawa, Canada, K1A 0K9.
  48. 48. Morton, M.J., D.L. Williams, H.B. Hjorth, and J.H. Smith: Machine-Smoking of Cigarette Filter Color to Estimate Tar Yield by Visual Assessment and Through the Use of a Colorimeter; Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 56 (2010) 321-331.
  49. 49. Ehmke, H. and G. Neurath: Einfluss des Feuchtig-keitsgehaltes von Cigaretten auf die Zusammensetz-ung des Rauches II (The Influence of Tobacco Moisture Content on the Composition of Mainstream Smoke II); Beitr. Tabakforsch. 2 (1964) 205-208.
  50. 50. Green, CR., F.W. Conrad, M.F. Dube, J.L. Harris, and A.L. Angel: Dry Cigarette Chemistry; RJR Inter-nal Report (1982) Available at: http://www.legacy. library.ucsf.edu/tid/gff97c00/pdf (accessed June 28, 2009).
  51. 51. Neurath, G. and H. Horstmann: Einfluss des Feuchtigkeitsgehaltes von Cigaretten auf die Zu-sammensetzung des Rauches und die Glut-zonentemperatur (The Influence of Tobacco Moisture Content on the Composition of Mainstream Smoke as Well as on the Temperature in the Combustion Zone); Beitr. Tabakforsch. 2 (1963) 93-100.
  52. 52. Zha, Q. and S.C. Moldoveanu: The influence of cigarette moisture to the chemistry of particulate phase smoke of a common commercial cigarette. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 21 (2004) 93-100.
  53. 53. Littel, R.C., G.A. Milliken, W.W. Stroup, R.D. Wolfinger, and O. Schabenberger: SAS for Mixed Models; Second Ed. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA, 2006.
  54. 54. Verbeke, G. and G. Molenberghs: Linear Mixed Models for Longitudinal Data; New York, Springer-Verlag, 2000.10.1007/978-1-4419-0300-6
  55. 55. Miura, K., S. Kitao, Y. Egashira, N. Nishiyama, and K. Ueyama: Propagation of Cigarette Static Burn; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 19 (2001) 277-287.
  56. 56. Baker, R.R.: Temperature Variation Within a Cigarette Combustion Coal During the Smoking Cycle; High Temp. Sci. 7 (1975) 236-247.
  57. 57. Baker, R.R.: Variation of the Gas Formation Regions Within a Cigarette Combustion Coal During the Smoking Cycle; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 11 (1981) 1-17.
  58. 58. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company: Chemical and Bio-logical Studies on New Cigarette Prototypes that Heat Instead of Burn tobacco; RJ. Reynolds Company, Winston-Salem, NC, USA, 1988.
  59. 59. Roemer, E., R. Stabbert, K. Rustemeier, DJ. Veltel, T.J. Meisgen, W. Reininghaus, R.A. Carchman, CL. Gaworski, and K.F. Podraza: Chemical Composition, Cytotoxicity, and Mutagenicity of Smoke from U.S. Commercial and Reference Cigarettes Smoked Under Two Sets of Machine Smoking Conditions; Toxicol-ogy 195 (2004) 31-52.
  60. 60. SAS Institute Inc.: SAS/STAT® version 9.1 User's Guide; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA, 2004.
  61. 61. Gori, G.B. and CJ. Lynch: Analytical Cigarette Yields as Predictors of Smoke Bioavailability; Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 5 (1985) 314-326.
  62. 62. Curran, J.G. and J.E. Keifer: A Method for Measuring the Elution of Nicotine and Total Particulate Matter From a Cigarette Filter; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 7 (1973) 29-35.
  63. 63. Norman, A.: Cigarette Design and Materials; in: Tobacco: Production, Chemistry, and Technology, ed-ited by D.L Davis and M.T. Nielsen, Blackwell Science, Oxford, 1999, pp. 353-387.
  64. 64. Norman, V.: The Effect of Perforated Tipping Paper on the Yield of Various Smoke Components; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 7 (1974) 282-287.
  65. 65. Cahours, X., T. Verron, and S. Purkis: Effect of Sugar Content on Acetaldehyde Yield in Cigarette Smoke; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 25 (2012) 381-395.
  66. 66. Purkis, S.W., C. Mueller, M. Intorp, and H. Seidel: The Influence of Cigarette Designs and Smoking Re-gimes on Vapour Phase Yields; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 24 (2010) 33-46.
  67. 67. Hammond, D., G.T. Fong, K.M. Cummings, R.J. O'Connor, G.A. Giovino, and A. McNeill: Cigarette Yields and Human Exposure: A Comparison of Alter-native Testing Regimens; Cancer Epidemiol. Bio-markers Prev. 15 (2006) 1495-1501.
  68. 68. Marian, C, R.J. O'Connor, M.V. Djordjevic, V.W. Rees, D.H. Hatsukami, and P.G. Shields: Reconciling Human Smoking Behavior and Machine Smoking Patterns: Implications for Understanding Smoking Behavior and the Impact on Laboratory Studies; Can-cer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 18 (2009) 3305–3320.
  69. 69. Urban, H.J., W. Gomm, and M. Schorp: A Modelling Approach to Develop Machine Smoking Protocols Reflecting Human Puffing Behaviour for Conventional Cigarettes; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 23 (2008) 8–18.
  70. 70. Harris, J.E.: Smoke Yields of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in Relation to FTC Tar Level and Ciga-rette Manufacturer: Analysis of the Massachusetts Benchmark Study; Public Health Reports 116 (2001) 336–343.
Language: English
Page range: 671 - 684
Submitted on: Jun 19, 2013
|
Accepted on: Nov 30, 2013
|
Published on: Dec 30, 2014
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2014 MJ Morton, SW Laffoon, PJ Lipowicz, JI Seeman, published by Institut für Tabakforschung GmbH
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.