Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Some Studies of the Effects of Additives on Cigarette Mainstream Smoke Properties. III. Ingredients Reportedly Used in Various Commercial Cigarette Products in the USA and Elsewhere Cover

Some Studies of the Effects of Additives on Cigarette Mainstream Smoke Properties. III. Ingredients Reportedly Used in Various Commercial Cigarette Products in the USA and Elsewhere

By: A Rodgman  
Open Access
|Dec 2014

References

  1. 1. Rowland, R.L., P.H. Latimer, and J.A. Giles: Flue-cured tobacco. I. Isolation of solanesol, an unsaturated alcohol; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 78 (1957) 4680–4685; Tob. Sci. 1 (1957) 86–90.
  2. 2. Rodgman, A. and L.C. Cook: Eugenol and isoeugenol from Turkish tobacco smoke; Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 18, Paper No. 22, 1964, pp. 33–34; The composition of cigarette smoke. XIII. Eugenol and isoeugenol from Turkish tobacco smoke; Tob. Sci. 8 (1964) 161–162.
  3. 3. Elmenhorst, H.: Nachweis von Maltol in Cigaretten-rauch [Detection of maltol in cigarette smoke]; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 6 (1971) 70–73.
  4. 4. Paschke, T., G. Scherer, and W.-D. Heller: Effects of ingredients on cigarette smoke composition and biological activity: A literature overview; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 20 (2002) 107–247.
  5. 5. Doull, J., J.P. Frawley, W.J. George, T.A. Loomis, R.A. Squire, and S.L. Taylor: List of ingredients added to tobacco in the manufacture of cigarette by six major American cigarette companies; Covington and Burling, Washington, DC, April 12, 1994, see www.rjrtdocs.com 517941576 –1600.
  6. 6. Gaworski, C.L., M.M. Dozier, J.D. Heck, J.M. Ger-hart, N. Rajendran, R.M. David, L.H. Brennecke, and R. Morrisey: Toxicologic evaluation of flavor ingre-dients added to cigarette tobacco: 13-Week inhalation exposures in rats; Inhal. Toxicol. 10 (1998) 357–381.
  7. 7. Lloyd, R.A., C.W. Miller, D.L. Roberts, J.A. Giles, J.P. Dickerson, N.H. Nelson, C.E. Rix, and P.H. Ayers: Flue-cured tobacco flavor. I. Essence and essential oil components; CORESTA 1974 Sympo-sium, Montreux, Switzerland; Tob. Sci. 20 (1976) 40–50.
  8. 8. Rustemeier, K., R. Stabbert, H.J. Haussmann, E. Roemer, and E.L. Carrnines: Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 2: Chemical composition of mainstream smoke; Food Chem. Toxicol. 40 (2002) 93–104.
  9. 9. Rodgman, A.: Some studies of the effects of additives on cigarette mainstream smoke properties. I. Flavo-rants; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 20 (2002) 83–103.
  10. 10. Rodgman, A. and C.R. Green: Toxic chemicals in cigarette mainstream smoke – hazard and hoopla; in: Cigarette risk and the potential for risk reduction; Proceedings of the 2002 CORESTA Congress, New Orleans LA, pp. 2–52; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 20 (2003) 481–545.
  11. 11. IARC: Benz[a]anthracene; in: Evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans: Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Part 1. Chemical, environ-mental and experimental data; IARC, Lyon, France, IARC Monograph 32 (1986) 135–145.
  12. 12. Hoffmann, D. and S.S. Hecht: Advances in tobacco carcinogenesis; in: Chemical carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. I, edited by C.S. Cooper and P.L. Grover, Springer-Verlag, London, UK, 1990, Chapter 3, pp. 63–102.10.1007/978-3-642-74775-5_3
  13. 13. Dipple, A., R.C. Moschel, and C.A.H. Bigger: Poly-nuclear hydrocarbons; Chapter 2 in: Chemical carcino-gens, Second edition, edited by C.E. Searle, Am. Chem. Soc. Monograph 182, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1984, 41–163.
  14. 14. Rodgman, A.: Studies of polycyclic aromatic hydro-carbons in cigarette mainstream smoke: Identification, tobacco precursors, control of levels: A review; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 19 (2001) 361–379, see www.rjrtdocs.com 526989735 –9753.
  15. 15. Schumacher, J.N., F.W. Best, and C.R. Green: Smoke composition: A detailed investigation of the water-soluble portion of cigarette smoke; RDR, 1974, No. 7, September 5, see www.rjrtdocs.com 501003488 –3512; Schumacher, J.N., C.R. Green, and F.W. Best: The composition of the water-soluble portion of cigarette smoke particulate phase; 29th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 29, Paper No. 38, 1975, p. 27; Schu-macher, J.N., C.R. Green, F.W. Best, and M.P. Newell: Smoke composition. An extensive investi-gation of the water-soluble portion of cigarette smoke; J. Agr. Food Chem. 25 (1977) 310–320.
  16. 16. Newell, M.P., R.A. Heckman, R.F. Moates, C.R., Green, F.W. Best, and J.N. Schumacher: The composition of the ether-soluble portion of the particulate phase of cigarette smoke; 29th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 29, Paper No. 39, 1975, p. 28; Isolation and identification of new components of the ether-soluble portion of cigarette smoke condensate; Tob. Sci. 22 (1978) 6–11.
  17. 17. Heckman, R.A. and F.W. Best: An investigation of the lipophilic bases of cigarette smoke condensate; RDR, 1978, No. 3, March 7, see www.rjrtdocs.com 501005358 –5395; 32nd Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 32, Paper No. 47, 1978, p. 25; Tob. Sci. 25 (1981) 33–39.
  18. 18. Grob, K.: Gas chromatography of cigarette smoke. Part III. Separation of the overlap region of gas and particulate phase by capillary columns; J. Gas Chromatog. 3 (1965) 52–56.
  19. 19. Roberts, D.L. and W.A. Rohde: Isolation and identification of flavor components of burley tobacco; Tob. Sci. 16 (1972) 107–112.
  20. 20. Schumacher, J.N. and L. Vestal: Isolation and identification of some components of Turkish tobacco; 27th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 27, Paper No. 47, 1973, p. 31; Tob. Sci. 18 (1974) 43–48.
  21. 21. Schumacher, J.N.: Flavor composition of Maryland tobacco; 36th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Con-ference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 36, Paper No. 25, 1982, p. 13; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 12 (1982) 271–278.
  22. 22. Paschke, T., H.-J. Eberhardt, W.-D. Heller, and G. Scherer: Effects of ingredients added to cigarette tobacco on smoke composition and biological activity: A literature overview; 54th Tobacco Science Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 54, Paper No. 9, 2000, pp. 21–22.
  23. 23. Rodgman, A.: Some studies of the effects of additives on cigarette mainstream smoke properties. II. Casing materials and humectants; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 20 (2002) 277–297.
  24. 24. Bio-Research Laboratories Ltd.: A comparative study of the mutagenicity of tobacco smoke condensate. Research Report (Project No. 7071): Mutagenicity of cigarette smoke condensates (Cigarette smoke condensates from Camel, Winston, Salem, Now, and Vantage as manufactured, flavorants excluded, casing materials excluded, both flavorants and casing materials excluded); August 30, 1977, see www.rjrtdocs.com 501542614 -2638.
  25. 25. Hege, R.B. Jr: Gas chromatographic determination of humectants in smoke; RDM, 1979, No. 41, November 7, see www.rjrtdocs.com 512354798 -4805.
  26. 26. Heck, J.D., CL. Gaworski, N. Rajendran, and R.L. Morrisey: Toxicological evaluation of humectants added to cigarette tobacco: 13-Week smoke inhalation study of glycerine and propylene glycol in Fischer 344 rats; Inhal. Toxicol. 14 (2002) 1135-1152; Gaworski, C.L., J.D. Heck, and N. Rajendran: Toxicologic evaluation of glycerine and propylene glycol added to cigarette tobacco: 13-Week inhalation studies in Fischer-344 rats; 53rd Tobacco Science Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 53, Paper No. 05, 1999, pp. 21-22.
  27. 27. Gaworski, C.L., J.D. Heck, M.B. Bennett, and M.L. Wenk: Toxicologic evaluation of flavor ingredients added to cigarette tobacco: Skin painting bioassay of cigarette smoke condensate in SENCAR mice; Toxi-cology 139 (1999) 1-17.
  28. 28. Carmines, E.L.: Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 1: Cigarette design, testing approach, and review of results; Food Chem. Toxicol. 40 (2002) 77-91.
  29. 29. Roemer, E., F.J. Tewes, T.J. Meisgen, D.J. Veltel, and E.L. Carmines: Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 3: In vitro geno-toxicity and cytotoxicity; Food Chem. Toxicol. 40 (2002) 105-111.
  30. 30. Vanscheeuwijck, P.M., A. Teredesai, P.M. Terpstra, J. Verbeeck, P. Kuhl, B. Gerstenberg, S. Gebel, and E.L. Carmines: Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 4: Subchronic inhalation studies; Food Chem. Toxicol. 40 (2002) 113-131.
  31. 31. Baker, R.R. and G. Smith: The effect of flavour ingredients on smoke chemistry; 2002 CORESTA Congress, New Orleans LA, Paper ST 25.
  32. 32. Massey, E.D., K.K. Kalirai, and G. Smith: In vitro genotoxicity of smoke from cigarettes containing tobacco ingredients; 2002 CORESTA Congress, New Orleans LA, Paper ST 6.
  33. 33. Baker, R.R., E.D. Massey, and G. Smith: An overview of the effects of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry and toxicity; Food Chem. Toxicol. 42S (2004) 53S-83S.10.1016/j.fct.2004.01.001
  34. 34. Gaworski, C.L., M.M. Dozier, J.M. Gerhart, L.H. Brennecke, C. Aranyi, and J.D. Heck: 13-Week inhalation toxicity of menthol cigarette smoke; Food Chem. Toxicol. 35 (1997) 683-692.
  35. 35. Gaworski, C.L., J.D. Heck, M.B. Bennett, and M.L. Wenk: Toxicologic evaluation of flavor ingredients added to cigarette tobacco - SENCAR mouse skin painting assays; 53rd Tobacco Science Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 53, Paper No. 06, 1999, p. 22.
  36. 36. Baker, R.R. and G. Smith: Toxicological aspects of tobacco flavor ingredients; Rec. Adv. Tob. Sci. 29 (2003) 47–76.
  37. 37. Baker, R.R., J.R. Pereira da Silva, and G. Smith: The effect of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry. Part I: Flavourings and additives; Food Chem. Toxicol. 42S (2004) 3S-37S.10.1016/S0278-6915(03)00189-3
  38. 38. Baker, R.R., J.R. Pereira da Silva, and G. Smith: The effect of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry. Part II: Casing ingredients; Food Chem. Toxicol. 42S (2004) 39S–52S.10.1016/j.fct.2003.08.009
  39. 39. Ishidate, M. Jr, T. Sofuni, K. Yoshikawa, M. Hayashi, T. Nohmi, M. Sawada, and A. Matsuoka: Primary mutagenic screening of food additives currently used in Japan; Food Chem. Toxicol. 22 (1984) 623–636.
  40. 40. Baker, R.R. and L.J. Bishop: The pyrolysis of relatively volatile tobacco ingredients; 56th Tobacco Science Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, 2002, Vol. 56, Paper No. 73, p. 65; Baker, R.R. and L.J. Bishop: The pyrolysis of tobacco ingredients; J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 71 (2004) 223-311.
  41. 41. Rodgman, A., C.J. Smith, and T.A. Perfetti: The composition of cigarette smoke: A retrospective with emphasis on polycyclic compounds; Human Exptl. Tox. 19 (2000) 573–595.
  42. 42. Williams, R.W. and Science Information Division, Research and Development: Constituents reported in tobacco and tobacco smoke; R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Winston-Salem NC, 1997, pp. 1–134; In-house data base for chemical compounds isolated from tobacco and tobacco smoke/aerosol. R&DM, 1989, No. 30, February 2, see www.rjrtdocs.com 508885321 –5341; Chemical compounds isolated from tobacco and tobacco smoke/aerosol. II. CHEM database system modifications. R&DM, 1990, No. 9, January 29, see www.rjrtdocs.com 508381184 –1197; component list alphabetized and amended by A. Rodgman, 2003.
  43. 43. Carruthers, W. and R.A.W. Johnstone: Some phenolic constituents of cigarette smoke; Nature 185 (1960) 762–763.
  44. 44. Philip Morris Inc.: Chemical constituents in tobacco and smoke. A compilation of published information; Philip Morris Inc., Richmond VA, 1963, pp. 1–47.
  45. 45. Roberts, D.L., J.N. Schumacher, R.A. Lloyd, R.A. Heckman, and A. Rodgman: List of tobacco and smoke constituents; RDM, 1975, No. 15, April 16, see www.rjrtdocs.com 514901435 –1636; Rodgman, A.: Components reported in tobacco smoke: An addendum; RDM, 1967, No. 58, September 28, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500613535 –3528; Rodgman, A. and B.W. Woosley: Components reported in tobacco smoke: A supplement to RDM, 1965, No. 41; RDM, 1967, No. 15, March 16, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500612947 –3178; Rodgman, A.: Components re-ported in tobacco smoke: An addendum; RDM, 1965, No. 59, August 6, see www.rjrtdocs.com 504381941 –1944; Rodgman, A., W.W. Menz, J.M. DeTombe, and G.A. Konstantinow: Components reported in tobacco smoke; RDM, 1965, No. 41, June 4, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500602714 –3093; Rodgman, A., W.W. Menz, and G.A. Konstantinow: Components reported in tobacco smoke: Supplement I. Components reported from May 1962 to April 1963; RDM, 1963, No. 32, May 2, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500612532 -2587; Rodgman, A., W.W. Menz, F.E. Huffmann, and E.N. Smith: Components reported in tobacco smoke; RDM, 1962, No. 43, May 21, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500601332 -1501; Rodgman, A. and W.W. Menz: Components reported in tobacco smoke; RDM, 1960, No. 47, May 27, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500600177 -0313; Rodgman, A.: Components reported in tobacco smoke; RDM, 1958, No. 32, April 17, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500610933 -0997; Ashburn, J.G. and P.H. Latimer: Organic compounds identified in tobacco; RDM, 1958, No. 29, April 3, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500610877 -0926; Latimer, P.H. and A. Rodgman: Compounds reported in tobacco smoke; Memorandum, September, 1957, see www.rjrtdocs.com 503015383 -5387; Latimer, P.H.: Compounds isolated from tobacco and smoke; RDM, 1955, No. 47, October 28, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500610337 -0357.
  46. 46. Demole E. and D. Berthet: A chemical study of burley tobacco flavour (Nicotiana tabacum L.). I. Volatile to medium-volatile constituents; Helv. Chim. Acta 55 (1972) 1866-1882.
  47. 47. Ishiguro, S. and S. Sugawara: The chemistry of tobacco smoke; Sci. Papers, Cent. Res. Inst., Japan Monopoly Corp. 298 (1980) 1-248, see www.rjrtdocs.com 521182903 -3164.
  48. 48. Stedman, R.L.: The chemical composition of tobacco and tobacco smoke; Chem. Rev. 68 (1968) 153-207, see www.rjrtdocs.com 504392866 -2920.
  49. 49. Wynder, E.L. and D. Hoffmann: Tobacco and tobacco smoke: Studies in experimental carcinogenesis; Aca-demic Press, New York, N.Y., 1967.
  50. 50. Elmenhorst, H.: Säuren und Phenole in der “Semi-Volatile” Fraktion des Rauches von Blend, Virginia-, Burley-, und Orient-Cigaretten [Evaluation of acids and phenols in the semi-volatile fraction of the smoke of blend cigarettes and of cigarettes made from Virginia, burley and Oriental tobaccos]; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 6 (1972) 182-188.
  51. 51. Lloyd, R.A.: Essential oil investigation 1976-1977; RDM, 1978, No. 3 (February 1).
  52. 52. Grob, K. and J.A. Völlmin: Analyse der “Semi Vola-tiles” aus Cigarettenrauch mit Hilfe einer Kombination von hochauflösender Gaschromatographie und Mas-senspektrometrie [The determination of semi-volatiles in cigarette smoke by the combination of high resolution gas chromatography with mass spectro-metry]; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 5 (1969) 52-57; GC-MS analysis of the “semi-volatiles” of cigarette smoke; J. Chromat. Sci. 8 (1970) 218-220.
  53. 53. Fujimora T, R. Kasuga, H. Matsushita, and M. No-guchi: Neutral aroma constituents in burley tobacco; Agr. Biol. Chem. Japan 40 (1976) 303-315.
  54. 54. Schumacher, J.N., CR. Green, and F.W. Best: Smoke composition: Homogenized vs. unhomogenized tobacco blend; RDR, 1972, No. 5, March 27, see www.rjrtdocs.com 501002566 -2626.
  55. 55. Heckman, R.A.: Smoke composition of burley stems versus burley tobacco; RDR, 1974, No. 3, March 26, see www.rjrtdocs.com 510646885 –6921.
  56. 56. Roberts, D.L.: Burley tobacco components. VII. Iso-lation, characterization, and synthesis of 2-acetylpyra-zine; RDR, 1963, No. 60, December 9, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500962182 –2187.
  57. 57. Schmeltz, I. and D. Hoffmann: Nitrogen-containing compounds in tobacco and tobacco smoke; Chem. Rev. 77 (1977) 295–311, see www.rjrtdocs.com 508758106 –8122.
  58. 58. Newell, M.P., C.W. Miller, and N.C. Sanders: Comparative smoke studies. VI. Winston, Vantage, Now, Marlboro, Merit; RDR, 1977 No. 4, November 4, see www.rjrtdocs.com 501005165 –5313.
  59. 59. Hlubucek, J.R., A.J. Aasen, B. Kimland, and C.R. Enzell: New volatile constituents of Greek Nicotiana tabacum; Phytochem. 12 (1973) 2555–2557.
  60. 60. Matsumoto, T., D. Yoshida, S. Muzusaki, and H. Okamoto: Mutagenic activity of the amino acid pyrolyzates in Salmonella typhimurium; Mutation Res. 48 (1977) 279–286.
  61. 61. James, W.B.: Ion exchange chromatography of amino acids in tobacco; RDR, 1961, No. 18, April 11, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500936415 –6442.
  62. 62. Tso, T.C. and M.E. Engelhaupt: Amino acid content related to gradual development of calcium and boron deficiency symptoms in tobacco; Tob. Sci. 7 (1963) 12–16.
  63. 63. de la Burde, R., E.H. Poindexter Jr, and J.P. Bell: The distribution of amino acids in tobaccos from different stalk positions; Tob. Sci. 9 (1965) 26–33.
  64. 64. Weybrew, J.A., W.G. Woltz, and W.H. Johnson: Changes in the free amino acids of tobacco during curing; Proc. 4th International Tobacco Scientific Congress, Athens, Greece, 1966, pp. 766–772.
  65. 65. Williams, J.F. and B.H. Gerritsen: Changes in amino acid content of flue-cured tobacco during aging; Tob. Sci. 12 (1968) 243–247.
  66. 66. Weybrew, J.A. and D.F. Matzinger: The free and protein–bound amino acids of certain Nicotiana species and hybrids; Tob. Sci. 13 (1969) 71–78.
  67. 67. Johnstone. R.A.W. and J.R. Plimmer: The chemical constituents of tobacco and tobacco smoke; Chem. Rev. 59 (1959) 885–936, see www.rjrtdocs.com 524144665 –4716.
  68. 68. Izawa, M., Y. Kobashi, and M. Taki: Free amino acids in cigarette smoke. I; Bull. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 23 (1959) 198–200; Sci. Papers, Cent. Res. Inst., Japan Monopoly Corp. 101 (1959) 34–38.
  69. 69. Izawa, M. and M. Taki: Free amino acids in cigarette smoke. II; Bull. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 23 (1959) 201–206; Sci. Papers, Cent. Res. Inst., Japan Monopoly Corp. 101 (1959) 40–44.
  70. 70. Tso, T.C. and J.F. Chaplin: Simple correlation and multiple regression among leaf characteristics, smoke components, and biological responses of bright tobaccos; USDA Tech. Bull. 1551, 1977, pp. 1–135.
  71. 71. Green, C.R., J.M. Martin, and A. Rodgman: Effect of treatment of tobacco with ammonia or various ammo-nium salts on the levels of pyridines and pyrazines in smoke; RDR, 1976, No. 3, January 29, see www.rjrtdocs.com 510603782, pp. 1–63; Rodgman, A.: “Smoke pH”: A review; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 19 (2000) 119-139.
  72. 72. Zeise, W.C.: Investigation of the products of dry distillation of tobacco and the chemical constituents of tobacco smoke; Ann. Chem. Pharm. 47 (1843) 212-225.
  73. 73. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company: Procedure for expansion of tobacco; Kingdom of Belgium Patent 760,114 (May 17, 1971); Fredrickson, J.D., J.P. Dickerson, E.S. Hickman, and E.D. Harper Jr: Use of ammonium carbonate and ammonium bicarbonate in puffing tobacco and other materials of biological origin; R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. Conception of Invention Memorandum No. 48 (April 1. 1969) pp. 1-2, see www.rjrtdocs.com 504167687 -7688.
  74. 74. Philip Morris Incorporated: Process for tobacco swelling; Kingdom of Belgium Patent 760,221 (August 31, 1971).
  75. 75. Mays, CD., T.H. Edwards, and R.F. Moates: Expansion of tobacco with ammonia-carbon dioxide; RDR, 1973, No. 2 February 28, see www.rjrtdocs.com 501002997 -3006.
  76. 76. Gori, G.B. (Editor): Report No. 2. Toward less hazardous cigarettes. The second set of experimental cigarettes; DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 76-1111 (1976), see www.rjrtdocs.com 509528757 -8910
  77. 77. Fulp, C.W., S.W. Bess, and M.D. Stevenson: Ames report on the effect of adding cellulose and diam-monium phosphate to sheet material in a full flavor product; R&DM, 1991, No. 465, June 6, see www.rjrtdocs.com 509573684 -3690; R&DM, 1991, No. 471, June 21, see www.rjrtdocs.com 510086397 -6405.
  78. 78. Fulp, C.W., S.W. Bess, and E.J.S. Sohn: Ames report on the effect of heat treating G7 extract and utilizing a higher level of diammonium phosphate in a 100% non-filtered tobacco rod; R&DM, 1991, No. 470, June 21, see www.rjrtdocs.com 507951025 -1025.
  79. 79. Rix, CE.: Headspace analysis of tobacco using “Tenax” as an adsorbent for volatiles collection; RDM, 1974, No. 15 (May 15); Rix, CE., R.A. Lloyd, and C.W. Miller: Headspace analysis of tobacco with Tenax® traps; 30th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 30, Paper No. 21, 1976, p. 19; Tob. Sci. 21 (1977) 93-96, see www.rjrtdocs.com 502686350 -6365.
  80. 80. Robb, E.W., J.J. Westbrook iii, and A. Bavley: The use of non-volatile adducts in smoke flavor; Tob. Sci. 8 (1964) 3-7.
  81. 81. Thacker, F.A. Jr: Essential oil study: Sir Walter Raleigh aromatic smoking tobacco; RDM, 1979, No. 16, May 1, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500608337 -8339
  82. 82. Avalos, J.T.: Ames report. Sample description: Twelve laboratory blends with added (3-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E to strip portion; Memorandum, 1994, June 3, see www.rjrtdocs.com 510625161 -5174.
  83. 83. Maton, J.: The influence of manganese ions on the synthesis of ascorbic acid in the green parts of higher plants; Biol. Jaarboek Koninkl. Natuurn. Genootschap Dodonaea Gent. 14 (1947) 109-115, see Chem. Abstr. 44 (1950) 2091h.
  84. 84. Tombesi, L.: Ascorbic acid in tobacco; Il Tabacco 55 (1951) 15; 55 (1951) 53; Lona, F. and F. Porzio-Giovanola: Ascorbic acid in tobacco; Nuova Giorna Bot. Ital. 58 (1951) 462, see Chem. Abstr. 47 (1953) 11365g.
  85. 85. James, W.B.: Free amino acids in aging tobacco; RDR, 1961, No. 26, May 16, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500936574 –6642.
  86. 86. Dominguez, L.M. and T.R. Conner: Determination of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, aspartine and glutamine in selected tobaccos by high-performance liquid chromatography; RDM, 1983, No. 19, April 28, see www.rjrtdocs.com 501661135 –1153.
  87. 87. Stotesbury, S., H. Digard, L. Willoughby, and A. Couch: The pyrolysis of tobacco additives as a means of predicting their behaviour in a burning cigarette; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 18 (1999) 147–163.
  88. 88. Stotesbury, S., L. Willoughby, and A. Couch: Pyro-lysis of cigarette ingredients labelled with stable iso-topes; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 19 (2000) 55–64.
  89. 89. Green, J.D., J. Chalmers, and P.J. Kinnard: The transfer of tobacco additives to cigarette smoke. Exami-nation of the possible contribution of pyrolysis products to mainstream smoke composition; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 14 (1989) 283–288.
  90. 90. Roberts, D.L. and C.E. Lewis: Tobacco and stem essential oil; RDR, 1974, No. 2, January 8, see www.rjrtdocs.com 510646975 –6985.
  91. 91. Green, C.R., M.F. Dube, and T.R. Young: Effect of porous belt, steaming, ammoniation, and a modified denicotinization process on flue-cured tobacco and smoke composition; R&DR, 1981, No. 1, January 12, see www.rjrtdocs.com 509101415 –1417.
  92. 92. Kosak, A.I.: The composition of tobacco smoke; Experientia 10 (1954) 69–71, see www.rjrtdocs.com 521183292 –3295.
  93. 93. Buyske, D.A., P. Wilder Jr, and M.E. Hobbs: Volatile organic acids of tobacco smoke; Anal. Chem. 29 (1957) 105–108.
  94. 94. Izawa, M. and Y. Kobashi: Some volatile acids and esters of cigarette smoke; Bull. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 22 (1958) 47–52; Izawa, M., Y. Kobashi, M. Moto-matsu, and H. Hoshaku: Studies on tobacco smoke. Part IV. Some volatile acids and esters of cigarette smoke; Sci. Papers, Cent. Res. Inst., Japan Monopoly Corp. 99 (1958) 72–77.
  95. 95. Onishi, I.: Recent studies on tobacco smoke by the Japan Monopoly Corporation; Proc. 2nd International Tobacco Scientific Congress, Brussels, Belgium, 1958 (1959) 553–559.
  96. 96. Benner, J.F., C.K. Keene, and T.W. Holt: Smoke analysis, condensate preparation and condensate fractionation; Proc. Univ. Kentucky Tob. Hlth. Workshop, 1973 Conference Report, Lexington KY. 4 (1973) 408–420.
  97. 97. Schmeltz, I., R.L. Stedman, and W.J. Chamberlain: Benzyl benzoate in cigarette smoke; 19th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 19, Paper No. 29; 1965, pp. 43–45.
  98. 98. Schmeltz, I., R.L. Stedman, W.J. Chamberlain, and C.D. Stills: Benzyl esters, indoles and carbazoles in cigarette smoke; Chem. and Ind. (1965) 2009–2010.
  99. 99. Schmeltz, I., J. Dooley, R.L. Stedman, and W.J. Chamberlain: Composition studies on tobacco. XXII. The nitromethane-soluble neutral fraction of cigaret smoke; Phytochem. 6 (1967) 33–38.
  100. 100. Miller, R.L., L. Lakritz, C.J. Dooley, and R.L. Sted-man: Composition studies on tobacco. XXVI. Aryl amines in the nitromethane-soluble fraction of smoke condensate; Tob. Sci. 11 (1967) 35–36.
  101. 101. Sabetay, S., L. Trabaud, and H.F. Emmanuel: [The presence of borneol in tobacco]; Compt. Rend. 213 (1941) 321; Chim. Ind. (Paris) 46 (1941) 429.
  102. 102. Sasaki, T.: The chemical components of tobacco smoke. Diacetyl content of cigarette smoke; J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 27 (1953) 134–136.
  103. 103. Grob, K.: Zur Gewinnung und Behandlung frischer Gasphase aus Cigarettenrauch [Trapping and analysis of the gas phase of cigarette smoke]; Beitr. Tabak-forsch. 3 (1965) 243–250; Zur Gaschromatographie des Cigarettenrauchs. 4. Teil. Identifikationen mit Hilfe des Massenspektrometers [Gas chromatographic analyses of cigarette smoke. Part 4: Mass spectro-metric analyses]; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 3 (1966) 403–414.
  104. 104. Osborne, J.S., S. Adamek, and M.E. Hobbs: Some components of the gas phase of cigarette smoke; Anal. Chem. 28 (1956) 211–215.
  105. 105. Rowland, R.L. and D. Cabiness: Flue-cured tobacco. The K-I and K-II compounds; RDR, 1962, No. 23, July 6, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500939084 –9123.
  106. 106. Rodgman, A. and L.C. Cook: The analysis of cigarette smoke condensate. XXXIV. 4-(2-Butenylidene)iso-phorones from Turkish tobacco smoke; RDR, 1966, No. 3, February 7, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500966768 –6776.
  107. 107. Grob, K.: High resolution GC analysis of cigarette smoke; Chem. and Ind. (London) (1973) 248–252.
  108. 108. Newell, M.P., A.L. Angel, F.W. Best, C.R. Green, R.A. Heckman, R.A. Lloyd, C.W. Miller, R.E. Shackelford, F.A. Thome, and G.W. Young: Comparative smoke studies. I. Winston vs. Marlboro; RDR, 1976, No. 9, April 27, see www.rjrtdocs.com 501004250 –4295.
  109. 109. Enzell, C.R., I. Wahlberg, and A.J. Aasen: Isoprenoids and alkaloids of tobacco; Fortschr. Chem. Org. Natur-stoffe 34 (1977) 1–79.
  110. 110. Kimland, B., A.J. Aasen, S.O. Almqvist, O. Arpino, and C.R. Enzell: Volatile acids of sun-cured Greek Nicotiana tabacum; Phytochemistry 12 (1973) 835–847.
  111. 111. Wright, H.E. Jr, W.W. Burton, and R.C. Berry: Some colorless polyenes of aged burley tobacco; 37th Ann. Mtg. Virginia Academy of Science, see Virginia Sci. J. 10 (1959) 271; Carotenoids and related colorless polyenes of aged burley tobacco; Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 82 (1959) 107–116.
  112. 112. Kröller, E.: Zur Untersuchung der Pyrolyseprodukte von Tabakzusatzstoffen als Grundlage ihrer gesund-heitlichen Beurteilung [Investigation of the pyrolysis products from tobacco additives as a basis for the evaluation of their health effects]; Z. Anal. Chem. 212 (1965) 46–53.
  113. 113. Babey, J.: Les terpenes dans le tabac: Extraction et identification [The terpenes in tobacco: Extraction and identification]; Ph. D. Thesis, Fed. Polytech. Sch., Zurich, Switzerland, 1973, pp. 1-49.
  114. 114. Moates, R.F.: Analysis of Turkish cigarette smoke; RDR, 1976, No. 2, January 27, see www.rjrtdocs.com 501003959 -3984.
  115. 115. Gilbert, J.A.S. and AJ. Lindsey: The thermal decom-position of some tobacco constituents; Brit. J. Cancer 11 (1957) 398-402.
  116. 116. Fredrickson, J.D.: Some volatile constituents of cellulose smoke; RDR, 1959, No. 15, June 24, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500933433 -3458; The effects of inorganic nitrates and urea on the combustion of cellulose; RDM, 1959, No. 111, November 20, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500611671 -1680.
  117. 117. Robb, E.W., W.R. Johnson, J.J. Westbrook III, and R.B. Seligman: Model pyrolysis - The study of cellulose; Proc. 4th Internat. Tobacco Science Con-gress, Athens, Greece, 1966 (1967) 1075-1085.
  118. 118. Kato, K.: Pyrolysis of cellulose. Part III. Comparative studies of volatile compounds from pyrolysates of cellulose and its related compounds; Agr. Biol. Chem. Japan 31 (1967) 657-663.
  119. 119. Higman, E.B., I. Schmeltz, and W.S. Schlotzhauer: Products from the thermal degradation of some naturally occurring materials; J. Agr. Food Chem. 18 (1970) 636-639.
  120. 120. Newell, M.P. and F.W. Best: Fate of compounds in the burning cigarette: Pectin, starch, cellulose; 25th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 25, Paper No. 11, 1971, p. 8.
  121. 121. Tso, T.C., J.F. Chaplin, J.D. Adams, and D. Hoffmann: Simple correlation and multiple regression among leaf and smoke characteristics of burley tobaccos; 7th Internat. Tobacco Science Congress, Manila, The Philippines, CORESTA Inf. Bull., Spec. Edition 1980, Paper APST 05, p. 137; Beitr. Tabak-forsch. Int. 11 (1982) 141-150.
  122. 122. Tso, T.C.: Production, physiology and biochemistry of tobacco plant; Ideals, Inc., Beltsville MD, 1990.
  123. 123. Sasaki, Y.F., H. Imanishi, T. Ohta, and Y. Shirazu: Effects of antimutagenic flavourings on SCEs induced by chemical mutagens in cultured Chinese hamster cells; Mutat. Res. 189 (1987) 313-318.
  124. 124. Jones, T.C. and I. Schmeltz: Pyrolysis of t-cinnamic acid, sodium t-cinnamate, styrene, and c- and t-stilbene. Products and implications; J. Org. Chem. 34 (1969) 645-649.
  125. 125. Newell, M.P., R.A. Heckman, and C.R. Green: Smoke composition: Homogenized G7L versus nonhomo-genized tobacco blend; RDR, 1974, No. 4, April 30, see www.rjrtdocs.com 501003374 -3436.
  126. 126. Benner, J.F., CK Keene, and T.W. Holt: Smoke analysis, condensate preparation and condensate fractionation; Proc. Univ. Kentucky Tob. Hlth. Workshop, 1973 Conf. Rpt. Lexington KY 4 (1973) 408-420.
  127. 127. Rodgman, A.: The analysis of cigarette smoke condensate. VI. The influence of solvent pretreatment of tobacco and other factors on the polycyclic hydrocarbon content of smoke condensate; RDR, 1959, No. 1, January 29, see www.rjrtdocs.com 501008529 -8591.
  128. 128. Cook, L.C. and A. Rodgman: [Smoke Study Report XLII]. The effect of citric acid-treated tobacco and filter tips on cigarette smoke composition; RDM, 1967, No. 53, September 14, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500613496 -3501.
  129. 129. Newell, M.P. and F.W. Best: Isotopic fate studies with tobacco constituents. II. Carboxylic acids. C. Citric acid; RDM, 1967, No. 11, February 28, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500612895 -2902; The fate of oxalic, malic, and citric acids in the smoke of cigarettes; 22nd Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 22, Paper No. 25, 1968, p. 19.
  130. 130. Best, F.W.: Citric acid migration and distribution in total smoke of Salem KS and NN (a protocept that heats but does not burn tobacco); R&DM, 1990, No. 200, September 14, see www.rjrtdocs.com 508275250 -5260.
  131. 131. Bindig, M.A.H.: Procedure for the processing of tobacco; Federal Republic of Germany Patent No. 1,915,785 (December 10, 1970); Tobacco treatment; Canadian Patent No. 860,667 (January 12, 1971); Tobacco treatment with citric acid and deuterium oxide; U.S. Patent No. 3,577,997 (May 11, 1971).
  132. 132. Gargus, J., J.B. Sullivan, R.T. Habermann, J. Cope-land, and J. Everly: Mouse dermal study of smoke condensate from “Chemosol”-treated cigarettes; Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 33 (1975) 568-574.
  133. 133. Jarboe, C.H. and A.D. Quinn: Low temperature column chromatography of tobacco acids; Tob. Sci. 4 (1960) 168-171.
  134. 134. Newell, M.P., C.W. Miller, N.C. Sanders, A.L. Angel, and F.W. Conrad Jr: Comparative smoke studies: BB and its control; RDM, 1977, No. 38, December 1, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500606863 -6924.
  135. 135. Cook, J.W., R.A.W. Johnstone, and P.M. Quan: The composition of cigarette smoke. VIII. Some aromatic hydrocarbon constituents; Israel J. Chem. 1 (1963) 356-364.
  136. 136. Smith, W.T. Jr, C.-Y. Shiue, and J.M. Patterson: Pyrolysis of sulfur amino acids; 24th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 24, Paper No. 17, 1970, p.11.
  137. 137. Gaisch, H. and U. Nyffeler: The measurement of thiol reactivity in cigarette smoke; CORESTA Smoke Study Group Mtg., Copenhagen, Denmark, 1975.10.2478/cttr-2013-0410
  138. 138. Wahlberg, I., I. Wallin, K. Nordfors, I. Nishida, and CR. Enzell: Tobacco chemistry. 49. New labdanic diterpenoids isolated from tobacco; Acta Chem. Scand. B33 (1979) 541-543.
  139. 139. Lewis, C.E.: Tobacco composition. Investigation of the water-soluble extract of FC7 tobacco; RDR, 1977, No. 1, January 10, see www.rjrtdocs.com 501004906 -4918.
  140. 140. Neurath, G.: Recent advances in knowledge of the chemical composition of tobacco smoke; in The chemistry of tobacco and tobacco smoke, edited by I. Schmeltz, Plenum Press, New York, NY, 1972, pp. 77-97.10.1007/978-1-4757-0462-4_6
  141. 141. Neurath, G., M. Dünger, and I. Küstermann: Unter-suchungen der “Semivolatiles” des Cigarettenrauches [The examination of semi-volatiles in cigarette smoke]; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 6 (1971) 12-20.
  142. 142. Green, CR.: Some relationships between tobacco leaf and smoke composition; in: Recent advances in the chemical composition of tobacco and tobacco smoke, edited by J.L. McKenzie, Proc. Am. Chem. Soc. Symp., New Orleans LA, 1977, 426-470.
  143. 143. Neurath, G. and M. Dünger: Isolierung schwach basischer Heteroaromaten aus dem Tabakrauch [The isolation of weak heteroaromatic bases in tobacco smoke]; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 5 (1969) 1-4.
  144. 144. Cook, J.W.: Tobacco and lung cancer; Royal Inst. Chem. Lecture Ser. 1961 (5), 1-18.
  145. 145. Schumacher, J.N.: Turkish tobacco essential oil; RDM, 1978, No. 27, September 14, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500607779 -7795.
  146. 146. Best, F.W.: Sugar content of flue-cured tobacco and its relationship to tobacco and smoke composition; RDR, 1970, No. 6, January 30, see www.rjrtdocs.com 501000035 -0055.
  147. 147. Derreux, M., P. Viart, and D. Esnault: The essential oil of tobacco: Study of the phenol fraction; Ann. Tabac 11 (1973) 121-129.
  148. 148. Irvine, W.J. and M.J. Saxby: The constituents of certain tobacco types. I. Steam volatile phenols of Latakia; Phytochem. 7 (1968) 277-281; Further volatile phenols of Latakia tobacco leaf; Phytochem. 8 (1969) 2067-2070.
  149. 149. Kato, K., Y. Shibayama, and T. Nakahata: Some phenols in cigarette smoke; Sci. Papers, Cent. Res. Inst., Japan Monopoly Corp. 105 (1963) 209-212.
  150. 150. Green, CR. and J.N. Schumacher: Smoke composition: Puffed versus unpuffed tobacco; RDR, 1971, No. 7, February 26, see www.rjrtdocs.com 501001966 -1998.
  151. 151. Fredrickson, J.D.: The study of burley smoke condensate. III. Constituents of the strong acid fraction; RDR, 1964, No. 5, January 9, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500963294 -3312.
  152. 152. Neurath, G.: Stickstoffverbindungen des Tabakrauches [Nitrogen compounds in tobacco smoke]; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 5 (1969) 115-133.
  153. 153. Heckman, R.A.: Smoke composition of burley stems versus burley tobacco; RDR, 1974, No. 3, March 26, see www.rjrtdocs.com 510646885 -6921.
  154. 154. Rodgman, A.: “Smoke pH”: A review; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 19 (2000) 119-139.
  155. 155. Lloyd, R.A. and C.W. Miller: A rapid comparison of the smoke composition of 50% J10 and Winston blend cigarettes; RDM, 1974, No. 12, May 2, see www.rjrtdocs.com 510691792 -1806.
  156. 156. Dickerson, J.P., D.L. Roberts, C.W. Miller, R.A. Lloyd, and CE. Rix: Flue-cured tobacco flavor. II. Constituents arising from amino acid-sugar reactions; Tob. Sci. 20 (1976) 59-63.
  157. 157. Testa, A. and P. Testa: Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds in tobacco smoke condensate. II. Pyra-zines, azaindole, azacarbazole, and diazole compounds; Ann. Dir. Études Équipement, SEITA 3 (Sect. 1) (1965) 103-108.
  158. 158. Miyagawa, M.: Pyrolysis of esters of saturated fatty acids. III. Pyrolysis of ethyl and isobutyl acetates; Yukagaku 18 (1969) 854–857.
  159. 159. Kaburaki, Y., Y. Mikami, and M. Nakamura: Studies on the composition of tobacco smoke. XII. Deter-mination of volatile acids in tobacco smoke by tempe-rature programming gas chromatography; Sci. Papers, Cent. Res. Inst., Japan Monopoly Corp. 111 (1969) 151–158.
  160. 160. Lloyd, R.A.: Reemtsma cigarette products. Additive analysis; RDM, 1976, No. 39, December 8, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500607242 –7255.
  161. 161. Schlotzhauer, W.S., D.B. Walters, M.E. Snook, and H.C. Higman: Characterization of catechols, resor-cinols, and hydroquinones in an acid fraction of cigarette smoke condensate; J. Agr. Food Chem. 26 (1978) 1277–1281.
  162. 162. Takahara, H., H. Tanuma, T. Shinkai, K. Kumagai, and I. Morishita: Studies on tobacco extract. VII. On the chemical components of Virginian flue-cured tobacco leaves (11 PXS); Sci. Papers, Cent. Res. Inst., Japan Monopoly Corp. 113 (1971) 71–75.
  163. 163. Kimland, B., A.J. Aasen, and C.R. Enzell: Tobacco chemistry. 10. Volatile neutral constituents of Greek tobacco; Acta Chem. Scand. 26 (1972) 2177–2184.
  164. 164. Green, C.R., M.P. Newell, F.W. Best, N.C. Sanders, and M.D. Wallace: Short-term Winston improvement smoke studies. I; RDR, 1978, No. 5, September 13, see www.rjrtdocs.com 501005432–5523.
  165. 165. Latimer, P.H.: Gas chromatographic analysis of the volatile essential oils of tobacco. VIII. Partial identification of components in steam-volatile essential oil of burley tobacco; RDM, 1964, No. 79, August 7, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500602404 –2416.
  166. 166. Thacker, F.A. Jr and J.M. Martin: Quantitative deter-mination of piperonal, ethylvanillin, and vanillin in tobacco by gas-liquid chromatography and fluoro-metric thin-layer chromatography; 27th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 27, Paper No. 49, 1973, p. 32.
  167. 167. DeJong, D.W. and J.J. Lam Jr: Application of homogenized leaf curing to protein recovery and to the alteration of leaf chemistry for production of less hazardous tobacco; Tob. Res. 5 (1979) 1–27.
  168. 168. Bright, M.N., T.M. Larson, and C.I. Lewis: Analytical method for determination of pyrazine and alkylpyra-zines in shredded tobacco; 29th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 29, Paper No. 27, 1975, p.22.
  169. 169. Dube, M.F., C.W. Miller, and C.R. Green: Smoke comparison study of Freon 11®- and pentane-puffed tobacco cigarettes; RDR, 1979, No. 3, December 13, see www.rjrtdocs.com 507078899 –8905.
  170. 170. Snook, M.E., P.J. Fortson, and O.T. Chortyk: Application of gel chromatography to characterize more completely the phenols of cigarette smoke; Tob. Sci. 24 (1980) 30–36.
  171. 171. Hoffmann, D. and E.L. Wynder: Die quantitative Bestimmung von Phenolen in Tabakrauch [The quan-titative determination of phenols in tobacco smoke]; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 1 (1961) 101–106.
  172. 172. Smith, G.A.L. and D.A. King: Separation and identification of the steam volatile phenols present in cigarette smoke condensate by capillary gas liquid chromatography; Chem. and Ind. (1964) 540–541.
  173. 173. Kuffner, F. and T. Kirchenmayer: Konstitutionsfragen und Papierchromatographie. I. Acetylierung auf der Startline [The question of constitution and paper chromatography. I. Acetylation at the start line]; Monatsh. Chem. 92 (1961) 701–706.
  174. 174. Glock, E. and M.P. Wright: The relation of nor-nicotine in tobacco to cigarette smoke aroma and composition; 16th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 16, Paper No. 22, 1962, pp. 13–14.
  175. 175. Dymicky, M., O.T. Chortyk, and R.L. Stedman: Composition studies on tobacco. XXVII. Polyphenol-amino acid leaf pigment: Further structural investi-gations; Tob. Sci. 11 (1967) 42–44.
  176. 176. Wahlberg, I., K. Karlsson, D.J. Austin, N. Junker, J. Roeraade, C.R. Enzell, and W.H. Johnson: Effects of flue-curing and ageing on the volatile basic con-stituents of Virginia tobacco; Phytochemistry 16 (1977) 1233–1235.
  177. 177. Osman, S. and J. Barson: The volatile bases of cigar smoke; Phytochemistry 3 (1964) 587–590.
  178. 178. Schmeltz, I., R.L. Stedman, W.J. Chamberlain, and D. Burdick: Composition studies on tobacco. XX. Bases of cigarette smoke; J. Sci. Food. Agr. 15 (1964) 774–781.
  179. 179. Fujimora, T.: Chemical studies on the aroma con-stituents in burley tobacco; Sci. Papers, Cent. Res. Inst., Japan Monopoly Corp. 118 (1976) 85–118.
  180. 180. Lloyd, R.A. and S.C. Dillender: Fluidized bead bed puffing. Essential oil analysis L11,289A-C; MFR, 1977, No. 2, October 12; Lloyd, R.A., S.C. Dillender, and P.H. Ayers: Essential oil analysis. comparison of CF, KFU, and TB blends. Description of method and instrumentation; RDM, 1977, No. 30, September 29, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500606745 –6769.
  181. 181. Davis, D.L.: Tobacco terpenoids and the influence of curing regimes; in: Recent advances in the chemical composition of tobacco and tobacco smoke, edited by J.C. McKenzie, Proc. Am. Chem. Soc. Symp., New Orleans LA, 1977, pp. 233–254.
  182. 182. Rodgman, A. and L.C. Cook: The composition of cigarette smoke. XII. Unsaturated alcohols from Turkish tobacco smoke; Tob. Sci. 7 (1963) 151–157.
  183. 183. Ohgaki, H., N. Matsukura. K. Morino, T. Kawachi, T. Sugimura, and S. Takayama: Carcinogenicity in mice of mutagenic compounds from glutamic acid and soybean globulin pyrolysates; Carcinogenesis 5 (1984) 815–818.
  184. 184. Sugimura, T.: Isolation and structure determination of mutagenic substances in L-glutamic acid pyrolysis; Proc. Japan Acad. 54B (1978) 248–250.
  185. 185. Takeda, K., K. Shudo, T. Okamoto, and T. Kosuge: Synthesis of mutagenic principles: Acid isolated from L-glutamic acid pyrolysate; Chem. Pharm. Bull. 26 (1978) 2924–2925.
  186. 186. Takayama, S., M. Matsuda, M. Mogami, H. Ohgaki, S. Sato, and T. Sugimura: Induction of cancers in the intestines, liver and various other organs of rats by feeding mutagens from glutamic acid pyrolysate; Gann 75 (1984) 207–213.
  187. 187. Yamamoto, T., K. Tsuji, T. Kosuge, T. Okaota, K. Shudoi, K. Takeda, Y. Iitaka, K. Yamaguchi, Y. Seino, T. Yahagi, M. Nagao, and T. Sugawara: Isolation and determination of mutagenic substances in L-glutamic acid pyrolysate; Proc. Japan Acad. 54B (1978) 248-250.
  188. 188. Buyske, D.A., J.M. Flowers, P. Wilder Jr, and M.E. Hobbs: Nicotinic and glutamic acids, nicotinamide, and glutamine in cigarette tobacco smoke; Science 124 (1956) 1080-1081.
  189. 189. Bentley, H.R. and G. Burgan: Polynuclear hydro-carbons in tobacco and tobacco smoke. III. The inhibition of the formation of 3:4-benzopyrene in cigarette smoke; Analyst 85 (1960) 727-730.
  190. 190. de Souza, T.L. and M. Scherback: The effect of glycerol added to tobacco on the constituents of cigarette smoke; Analyst 89 (1964) 735-739.
  191. 191. Doihara, T., U. Kobashi, S. Sugawara, and Y. Kabu-raki: Studies on flavoring effect. IV. Pyrolysis of polyhydric alcohols used as moistening agents; Sci. Papers, Cent. Res. Inst., Japan Monopoly Corp. 106 (1964) 129-135.
  192. 192. Doihara, T., U. Kobashi, S. Sugawara, and Y. Kabu-raki: Studies on flavoring effect. V. The simple analysis of polyols in cigarettes by gas chromato-graphy; Sci. Papers, Cent. Res. Inst., Japan Monopoly Corp. 107 (1965) 141-145.
  193. 193. Kröller, E.: Ergebnisse von Schwelversuchen an Zusatzstoffen zu Tabakwaren. 2. Mitteilung. (Poly-glykole, Glycerin) [Results of low temperature heating studies of additives to tobacco products. Part 2: Polyglycols, glycerol]; Deut. Lebensm. Rundschau 61 (1965) 16-17.
  194. 194. Gori, G.B. (Editor): Report No. 3. Toward less hazar-dous cigarettes. The third set of experimental cigarettes; DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 77-1280 (1977), see www.rjrtdocs.com 508069531 -9684; National Cancer Institute: Report No. 5. Toward less hazardous cigarettes. Summary: Four skin painting bioassays using condensate from experimental cigarettes; DHEW Publ. (NIH) (September 1980), see www.rjrtdocs.com 511024638 -4669.
  195. 195. Stein, Y.S. and M.J. Antal Jr: A study of the gas-phase pyrolysis of glycerol; J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 4 (1983) 283-296.10.1016/0165-2370(83)80003-5
  196. 196. Best, F.W.: The effect of periphery wrapper and core applications of glycerol on its fate during smoking; R&DM, 1987, No. 87, May 28, see www.rjrtdocs.com 506491889 -1905.
  197. 197. Best, F.W.: Fates of nicotine and glycerol in total smoke of BETA 90 protocept; R&DM, 1990, No. 181, August 27, see www.rjrtdocs.com 508347294 -7311.
  198. 198. Best, FW. and D.C. Friende: The fate of glycerol applied to cigarette wrappers measured during puff and smolder periods; R&DM, 1988, No. 25, January 15, see www.rjrtdocs.com 510168054 -8055.
  199. 199. Best, F.W., D.C. Friende, and JW. Gee: Fate of core injected 14Cglycerol in total smoke during puff and smolder; R&DM, 1988, No. 91, March 11, see www.rjrtdocs.com 507040837 -0856.
  200. 200. Best, F.W., T.S. Sink, and D.C. Friende: Fate of 14C glycerol in total smoke puff by puff study; R&DM, 1989, No. 27, January 26, see www.rjrtdocs.com 508280957 -0984.
  201. 201. Best, F.W.: Summary of radiotracer fate studies performed at RJR with cigarette constituents/additives since 1972. Part II; MEM, 1990, No. 1, May 1, see www.rjrtdocs.com 508675544 -5552.
  202. 202. Liu, C: Glycerol transfer in mainstream cigarette smoke; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 21 (2004) 111-116.
  203. 203. Doolittle, D.J., CK. Lee, CA. Rahn, E.A. Reed, B.G. Brown, CW. Fulp, G.D. Lowe, and A.W. Hayes: The genotoxic activity of glycerol in an in vitro test battery; R&DM, 1989, No. 61, March 9, see www.rjrtdocs.com 514916962 -6969; 508931592 -1653.
  204. 204. Cundiff, R.H., G.H. Greene, and A.H. Laurene: Column elution of humectants from tobacco and determination by vapor chromatography; Tob. Sci. 8 (1964) 163-168.
  205. 205. Lyerly, L.A.: Direct vapor chromatographic determination of menthol, propylene glycol, nicotine, and triacetin in cigarette smoke; 19th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 19, Paper No. 14, 1965, p. 23; Tob. Sci. 11 (1967) 49-51.
  206. 206. Rayburn, C.H.: Chemical analysis of tobacco and tobacco smoke: Determination of some volatile phenols in cigarette smoke; 6th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 6, Paper No. 10, 1952, pp. 5-6; Rayburn, C.H., W.R. Harlan, and H.R. Hanmer: Determination of volatile phenols in cigarette smoke; Anal. Chem. 25 (1953) 1419.
  207. 207. Latimer, P.H., J.G. Ashburn, and S.O. Jones: Turkish tobacco. Progress report on the isolation and identification of some of its constituents; RDR, 1954, No. 7, August 20, see www.rjrtdocs.com 501662791 -2867.
  208. 208. Latimer, P.H.: The estimation of pentanoic and hexanoic acids in tobacco and tobacco smoke using gas chromatography; RDR, 1957, No. 8, June 7, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500931280 -1301.
  209. 209. Kaburaki, Y., H. Shigematsu, and H. Kusakabe: Studies on the composition of tobacco smoke. VIII; Sci. Papers, Cent. Res. Inst., Japan Monopoly Corp. 110 (1968) 127-133.
  210. 210. Magin, D.F.: Gas chromatography of simple monocar-bonyls in cigarette whole smoke as the benzyloxime derivatives; J. Chromatog. 202 (1980) 255-261.
  211. 211. Best, FW. and T.S. Sink: Fate of 14Clabeled leaf alcohol in total smoke from Winston KS cigarettes; R&DM, 1988, No. 59, February 11, see www.rjrtdocs.com 507038333 -8347.
  212. 212. Smith, R.M., G.A. Solaki, W.P. Hayes, and R.J. Stretton: Pyrolysis-gas chromatography of histidine and 3-methylhistidine; J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 1 (1980) 197-201.10.1016/0165-2370(80)80002-7
  213. 213. Ishiguro S. and S. Sugawara: Comparisons of smoke components in the semivolatile phase from lamina and midrib cigarettes of flue-cured tobacco leaves; Agr. Biol. Chem. 42 (1978) 1527-1531.
  214. 214. Schumacher, J.N.: Turkish tobacco essential oil; RDM, 1978, No. 27, September 14, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500607779 -7795.
  215. 215. Buyske, D.A., P. Wilder Jr, and M.E. Hobbs: Volatile organic acids of tobacco smoke; Anal. Chem. 29 (1957) 105-108, see p. 108, Table 2.
  216. 216. Ishiguro, S., S. Yano, S. Sugawara, and Y. Kaburaki: Comparisons of acids in the smokes of lamina and midrib of flue-cured leaves; Agr. Biol. Chem. 40 (1976) 2005-2011.
  217. 217. Quin, L.D. and M.E. Hobbs: Analysis of the nonvolatile acids in cigarette smoke by gas chromato-graphy of their methyl esters: Anal. Chem. 30 (1958) 1400-1405.
  218. 218. Quin, L.D., W. George, and B.S. Menefee: Some semiquantitative gas chromatographic studies on the organic acids of tobacco and its smoke; J. Assoc. Off. Agr. Chem. 44 (1961)0367-373.
  219. 219. Schmeltz, I. and W.S. Schlotzhauer: Nonvolatile acids of cigar smoke; Tob. Sci. 6 (1962) 90-91.
  220. 220. Patterson, J.M., M.L. Baedecker, R. Musick, and W.T. Smith Jr: Possible role of lysine, leucine, and tryptophan in formation of tobacco ‘tar’; Tob. Sci. 13 (1969) 26-27.
  221. 221. Appleton, B.S.: Levulinic acid pyrolysis; Memorandum, 1986, March 3, see www.rjrtdocs.com 511373917 -3917.
  222. 222. Eble, A.S.: Migration and delivery of levulinic acid in cigarettes; R&DM, 1987, No. 167, November 2, see www.rjrtdocs.com 508940915 -0921.
  223. 223. Best, F.W.: Radiotracer studies to determine the fate of levulinic acid in filtered cigarettes, its distribution in total smoke, its intact level in MS TPM, SS TPM, and filters, and its migration within cigarettes upon aging; MDR, 1991, No. 3, May 25, see www.rjrtdocs.com 507955442 -5464.
  224. 224. Fulp, C.W., S.W. Bess, T.A. Perfetti, J.L. White, and W.G. Cody: Ames report on the mutagenicity of salts of nicotine and levulinic acid; R&DM, 1991, No. 227, April 18, see www.rjrtdocs.com 509529638 -9658.
  225. 225. Court, W.A. and J.C. Handel: Determination of non-volatile organic and fatty acids in flue-cured tobacco by gas-liquid chromatography; J. Chromat. Sci. 16 (1978) 314-317.
  226. 226. Best, F.W. and T.S. Sink: Fate of 14C-labeled linalool in total smoke from Winston KS cigarettes; R&DM, 1989, No. 3, January 4, see www.rjrtdocs.com 508280556 -0562.
  227. 227. Wakabayashi, K., K. Tsuji, T. Kosuge, K. Takeda, K. Yamaguchi, K. Shudo, Y. Iitaka, T. Okamoto, T. Yahagi, M. Nagao, and T. Sugimura: Isolation and structure determination of a mutagenic substance in L-lysine pyrolysate; Proc. Japan Acad. 54B (1978) 569-571.
  228. 228. Newell, M.P. and F.W. Best: The fate of oxalic, malic, and citric acids in the smoke of cigarettes; 22nd Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 22, Paper No. 25, 1968, p. 19.
  229. 229. Newell, M.P.: The fate of flavorants of tobacco during smoking. IV (C). Menthol; RDM, 1966, No. 21, May 20, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500603655 -3664.
  230. 230. Newell, M.P. and P.H. Latimer: The fate of flavorants of tobacco during smoking. IV. (A). Menthol; RDR, 1963, No. 52, September 6, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500962050 -2061; Effect of a charcoal filter on the transfer of menthol to mainstream smoke; RDM, 1963, No. 66, September 16, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500612731 -2733.
  231. 231. Newell, M.P., P.H. Latimer, and L.R. Haefele: The fate of menthol in cigarette smoke; 22nd Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 22, Paper No. 24, 1968, p. 18.
  232. 232. Newell, M.P., P.H. Latimer, and H.E. Moser: The fate of flavorants of tobacco during smoking. IV. (B). Menthol content of mainstream smoke versus number of puffs; RDR, 1964, No. 4, January 9, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500963280 -3293.
  233. 233. Curran, J.G.: Delivery of menthol from cigarettes containing either a mentholated filter or mentholated tobacco; Tob. Sci. 16 (1972) 40-42.
  234. 234. Mitchell, B.C., E.P. Barbee, and R.M. Irby Jr: The chromatographic determination of menthol in cigarettes and cigarette smoke; Tob. Sci. 7 (1963) 64-66.
  235. 235. Jenkins, RW. Jr, R.H. Newman, and M.K. Chavis: Cigarette smoke formation studies. II. Smoke distribution and mainstream pyrolytic composition of added 14C-menthol (U); Beitr. Tabakforsch. 5 (1970) 299-301.
  236. 236. Schmeltz, I. and W.S. Schlotzhauer: Benzo[a]pyrene, phenols, and other products from pyrolysis of the cigarette additive, (d,l)-menthol; Nature 219 (1968) 370-371.
  237. 237. Best, F.W.: Effects of some cigarette construction para-meters on menthol migration and transfer; Rec. Adv. Tob. Sci. 19 (1993) 155-201, see www.rjrtdocs.com 510274458, pp. 1-63.
  238. 238. Eble, A.S., F.W. Best, and CC. Morrison: Delivery and elution of menthol from cigarettes; R&DM, 1987, No. 153, October 14, see www.rjrtdocs.com 506488505, pp. 1-10.
  239. 239. Eble, A.S. and T.S. Sink: Migration and delivery of menthol in aging cigarettes; R&DM, 1987, No. 152, October 14, see www.rjrtdocs.com 506488487, pp. 1-18.
  240. 240. Riehl, T.F., L.L. Shockley, and M.L. Reynolds: Menthol transfer; 25th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 25, Paper No. 10, 1971, p. 7; Menthol distribution and transfer; Tob. Sci. 17 (1973) 10-11.
  241. 241. Bock, F.G., G.E. Moore, and P.C. Clark: Carcinogenic activity of cigarette smoke condensate. II. Biological activity of refined tar from several brands of cigarettes; J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 34 (1965) 481-493.
  242. 242. National Cancer Institute: Bioassays of dl-menthol for possible carcinogenicity; Natl. Cancer Inst. Tech. Rept. Ser. 98 (1979) 1-123.
  243. 243. Rakieten, N, M.L. Rakieten, D. Feldman, and M.J. Boykin Jr: Mammalian ciliated respiratory epithelium: Studies with particular reference to effects of menthol, nicotine, and smoke of mentholated cigarettes; Arch. Otolaryngol. 56 (1952) 494-503.
  244. 244. Lloyd, R.A.: Merit research summary; RDM, 1978, No. 1, January 12, see www.rjrtdocs.com 509196254 -6266.
  245. 245. Rodgman, A. and L.C. Cook: The analysis of cigarette smoke condensate. V. The polycyclic hydrocarbon precursors in tobacco; RDR, 1958, No. 18, December 1, see www.rjrtdocs.com 501008387, pp. 1–55.
  246. 246. Frisch, A.F., B.W. Francis, M.K. Chavis, and R.W. Jenkins Jr: Cigarette smoke formation studies. VII. The fate of 5-14C-methoprene in cigarette smoke; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 11 (1982) 203–208.
  247. 247. Ishiguro, S., S. Sato, S. Sugawara, and Y. Kaburaki: Comparison of phenols in smokes of lamina and midrib of flue-cured tobacco; Agr. Biol. Chem. 40 (1976) 977–982; Ishiguro S and S. Sugawara: Comparisons of smoke components from lamina and midrib cigarettes of flue-cured tobacco leaves by trimethylsilylation method; Agr. Biol. Chem. 42 (1978) 407–410; Comparisons of smoke components in the semi-volatile phase from lamina and midrib cigarettes of flue-cured tobacco leaves; Agr. Biol. Chem. 42 (1978) 1527–1531.
  248. 248. Griffith, R.B., R.R. Johnson, and A.D. Quinn: Orga-noleptically improved tobacco product; U.S. Patent No. 3,174,485 (March 23, 1965).
  249. 249. Fujimora, T., R. Kasuga, H. Kaneko, and M. Noguchi: Neutral volatile components of burley tobacco; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 9 (1978) 317–325.
  250. 250. Neurath, G.: Tobacco products and smoke. General report; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 4 (1967) 1–17.
  251. 251. Anastasov, A., P. Rusev, and P. Petrova: Gas chromatographic determination of higher fatty acids in some Bulgarian cigarettes and their smoke; Bulg. Tyutyun 20 (1975) 27–33.
  252. 252. Miller, C.W., M.P. Newell, and R.E. Shackelford: Smoke comparison. V. Vantage vs. Merit; RDR, 1976, No. 19, November 23, see www.rjrtdocs.com 501004819 –4905.
  253. 253. Kaburaki, Y., Y. Mikami, and M. Nakamura: Studies on the composition of tobacco smoke. XIII. Volatile acids in tobacco smoke; Sci. Papers, Cent. Res. Inst., Japan Monopoly Corp. 111 (1969) 159–168.
  254. 254. Laurene, A.H.: The composition of the vapor phase of cigarette smoke; RDR, 1955, No. 11, October 17, see www.rjrtdocs.com 501663325 –3341.
  255. 255. Stedman, R.L.: Aroma, flavor and chemical compo-sition of cigarette tobacco and smoke; CORESTA Inf. Bull. 1963 (4) 11–23.
  256. 256. Wahlberg, I., K. Karlsson, D.J. Austin, N. Junker, J. Roeraade, C.R. Enzell, and W.H. Johnson: Effects of flue-curing and ageing on the volatile, neutral and acidic constituents of Virginia tobacco; Phytochem. 16 (1977) 1217–1231.
  257. 257. Creasy, P.J. and M.J. Saxby: Steam volatile acids of Latakia tobacco leaf; Phytochemistry 8 (1969) 2427–2429.
  258. 258. Wheeler, J.P.: Evaluation of Basic 85 and Basic 100 cigarettes; RDM, 1978, No. 33, November 21, see www.rjrtdocs.com 515219460 –9470.
  259. 259. Kimland, B., A.J. Aasen, and C.R. Enzell: Tobacco chemistry. 12. Neutral volatile constituents of Greek tobacco; Acta Chem. Scand. 26 (1972) 1281–1284.
  260. 260. Green, C.R., M.F. Dube, C.W. Miller, F.W. Best, and T.M. Reavis: Effects of steaming, ammoniation, and denicotinization on burley tobacco and smoke composition; RDR, 1980, No. 2, April 15, see www.rjrtdocs.com 511309414 –9453.
  261. 261. Fujimora, T. and H. Kaneko: Studies on tobacco aroma; Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi 53 (1979) 95-121.10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.53.9_R95
  262. 262. Amin, A.N.: Dynamic transformations of chemical constituents during flue-curing of Nicotiana tabacum L.; Ph.D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, 1979; Amin, A.N., W.W. Weeks, and R.C. Long: Chemistry and metabolism of the essential oil of tobacco during flue-curing. I. Lipids and aromatic constituents; 33rd Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 33, Paper No. 42, 1979, p. 23.
  263. 263. Demole, E. and P. Enggist: Identification of twenty-one novel constituents of Oriental tobacco flavor (Nicotiana tabacum L.), including (E)-3-methylnon-2-en-4-one, pentadecan-15-olide, 8a,13’,9a,13-diepoxy-15,16-dinorlabdane, (Z)-octadec-9-en-18-olide and (E)-2-ethylidene-6,10,14-trimethylpentadecanal; Helv. Chim. Acta 61 (1978) 2318.
  264. 264. Stedman, R.L.: Aroma, flavor and chemical composition of cigarette tobacco and smoke; CORESTA Inf. Bull. 1963 (4) 11-23.
  265. 265. Lynm, D.: Radiotracer study of phenylethanol behavior in cigarettes; 41st Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 41, Paper No. 32, 1987, p. 29; 9th International Tobacco Science Congress, CORESTA Inf. Bull., Spec. Edition, 1988, Paper S-3, p. 178, see www.rjrtdocs.com 507011737 -1742.
  266. 266. Best, F.W. and T.S. Sink: Fate of 14C-labeled phen-ethyl isovalerate in total smoke from Winston KS cigarettes; R&DM, 1989, No. 69, March 20, see www.rjrtdocs.com 508281917, pp. 1-29.
  267. 267. Green, C.R., F.W. Best, CC. Morrison, and L.W. Eudy: An analytical study of phenylacetic acid as a cigarette flavor; 40th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 40, Paper No. 34, 1986, p. 19; 1986 CORESTA Symposium. Taormina, Italy, see www.rjrtdocs.com 520976225 -6225, 524131470 -1479.
  268. 268. Newell, M.P.: Determination of constituents of tobacco by isotope dilution. III. Phenylacetic acid; RDR, 1963, No. 7, February 1, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500961132 -1147; The fate of flavorants of tobacco during smoking. III. Phenylacetic acid; RDR, 1963, No. 32, April 17, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500961546 -1559.
  269. 269. Patterson, J.M., W.Y. Chen, and W.T. Smith Jr: Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from pyrolysis of phenylalanine and phenylalanine-tryptophan and phenylalanine-pyrrole mixtures; Tob. Sci. 15 (1971) 98-99.
  270. 270. Patterson, J.M., N.F. Haidar, E.P. Papadopoulos, and W.T. Smith Jr: Pyrolysis of phenylalanine, 3,6-dibenzyl-2,5-piperazinedione, and phenylethylamine; J. Org. Chem. 38 (1973) 663-666.
  271. 271. Sugimura, T., T. Kawachi, M. Nagao, T. Yahagi, Y. Seino, T. Okamoto, K. Shudo, T. Kosuge, K. Tsuji, K. Wakabayashi, Y. Iitaka, and A. Itai: Mutagenic principle(s) in tryptophan and phenylalanine pyrolysis products; Proc. Japan Acad. 53B (1977) 58-61.
  272. 272. Mold, J.D., R.E. Means, and A.G. Kallianos: The isolation and identification of pyrocoll from cigarette smoke; Tob. Sci. 4 (1960) 130-136.
  273. 273. Johnson, W.R. and J.C. Kang: Mechanisms of hydrogen cyanide formation from the pyrolysis of amino acids and related compounds; J. Org. Chem. 36 (1971) 189-192.
  274. 274. Smith, W.T. Jr, N.F. Haidar, and J.M. Patterson: Pyrolysis of valine, a-methylvaleric acid and proline; Tob. Sci. 19 (1975) 142-144.
  275. 275. Kröller, E.: Ergebnisse von Schwelversuchen an Zusatzstoffen zu Tabakwaren. 1. Mitteilung. Glykole [Results of low temperature heating studies of additives to tobacco products. Part 1: Glycols]; Deut. Lebensm. Rundschau 60 (1964) 235-239.
  276. 276. Best, F.W., T.S. Sink, J.W. Gee, and D.C. Friende: The fate of propylene glycol in total smoke with standard and human mimic puffing parameters; R&DM, 1987, No. 213, December 21, see www.rjrtdocs.com 506489759 -9768.
  277. 277. Kaburaki, Y., Y. Mikami, Y. Saida, and M. Naka-mura: Lower bases of tobacco smoke; J. Agr. Chem. 47 (1973) 799-806.
  278. 278. Patterson, J.M., A. Tsamasfyros, and W.T. Smith Jr: Pyrolysis of pyrroles; J. Heterocyclic Chem. 5 (1968) 727-729.10.1002/jhet.5570050527
  279. 279. Takahara, H., T. Chunan, and T. Fukuzumi: Sulfur compounds and N-alkylpyrroles in tobacco smoke; J. Agr. Chem. Japan 47 (1973) 391-395.
  280. 280. Hoffmann, D. and E.L. Wynder: Die quantitative Bestimmung von Phenolen in Tabakrauch [The quan-titative determination of phenols in tobacco smoke]; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 1 (1961) 101-106, see p. 102, Figure 1.
  281. 281. Izawa, M., Y. Kobashi, and S. Sakaguchi: Studies on tobacco smoke. Part VIII. Phenolic components in cigarette smoke; Bull. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 23 (1959) 194-197; Phenolic components in cigarette smoke; Sci. Papers, Cent. Res. Inst., Japan Monopoly Corp. 101 (1959) 33-36.
  282. 282. Newell, M.P.: The fate of flavorants of tobacco during smoking. I. Sclareolide; RDR, 1962, No. 37, Novem-ber 2, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500939638 -9656; Addendum to the report on fate of flavorants of tobacco during smoking. I. Sclareolide, RDR, 1962, No. 37, November 2; RDM, 1963, No. 67, September 16, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500612734 -2735.
  283. 283. Schumacher, J.N.: Turkish tobacco. Fourth progress report: Isolation and identification of sclareolide; RDR, 1957, No. 9, June 13, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500931302 -1322.
  284. 284. Rodgman, A. and L.C. Cook: The analysis of cigarette smoke condensate. XIII. Sclareolide from Turkish tobacco smoke; RDR, 1960, No. 8, April 1, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500934533 -4541.
  285. 285. Rodgman, A. and L.C. Cook: The composition of cigarette smoke. XI. Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds from Turkish tobacco smoke; 16th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 16, Paper No. 23, 1962, p. 14; Tob. Sci. 6 (1962) 176-179.
  286. 286. Kröller, E.: Ergebnisse von Schwelversuchen an Zusatzstoffen zu Tabakwaren. 3. Mitteilung. (Pflanzliche Schleim- und Gummiarten) [Results of low temperature heating studies of additives to tobacco products. Part 3: Plant adhesives and gum types]; Deut. Lebensm. Rundschau 61 (1965) 150–155
  287. 287. Schlotzhauer, W.S. and I. Schmeltz: 3,5-Xylenol and other products from pyrolysis of sodium acetate; 22nd Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 22, Paper No. 23, 1968, p. 18; Schmeltz, I. and W.S. Schlotzhauer: 3,5-Dimethyl-phenol and other products from pyrolysis of sodium acetate; Chem. Comm. (1969) 681–682.
  288. 288. Kröller, E.: Ein Beitrag zur Beurteilung von Tabakzu-satzstoffen auf Grund ihrer Pyrolyseprodukte. 5. Mitteilung [A contribution to the evaluation of tobacco additives on the basis of their pyrolysis products. Part 5]; Bundesgesundheitsblatt 15 (1970) 321–323.
  289. 289. Schlotzhauer, W.S., R.F. Severson, R.M. Martin, and K.L. McDuffie: The contribution of sucrose esters to tobacco smoke composition; 38th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 38, Paper No. 31, 1984, p. 17; Schlotzhauer, W.S., R.F. Severson, and R.M. Martin: The contri-bution of sucrose esters to tobacco smoke com-position; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 13 (1986) 229–238.
  290. 290. DeMarini, D.M.: Genotoxicity of tobacco smoke and tobacco smoke condensate; Mutation Res. 114 (1983) 59–89, see www.rjrtdocs.com 508353574 –3604.
  291. 291. Sato, S., T. Ohka, M. Nagao, K. Tsuji, and T. Kosuge: Reduction of mutagenicity of cigarette smoke conden-sate by added sugars; Mutation Res. 60 (1979) 155–161, see www.rjrtdocs.com 510173777 –3783.
  292. 292. Gager, F.R. Jr, J.W. Nedlock, and W.J. Martin: Tobacco additives and cigarette smoke. I. Transfer of D-glucose, sucrose and their degradation products to smoke; Carbohydrate Res. 17 (1971) 327–333; II. Organic gas-phase products from D-glucose and sucrose; Carbohydrate Res. 17 (1971) 335–339.
  293. 293. Spears, A.W., J.H. Bell, and A.O. Saunders: The contribution of tobacco constituents to phenol yield of cigarettes; 19th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 19, Paper No. 19, 1965, p. 29; Bell, J.H., A.O. Saunders, and A.W. Spears: The contribution of tobacco consti-tuents to phenol yield of cigarettes; Tob. Sci. 10 (1966) 138–142.
  294. 294. Kobashi, Y. and S. Sakaguchi: Free sugars in cigarette smoke; Tob. Sci. 3 (1959) 161–163; Sci. Papers, Cent. Res. Inst., Japan Monopoly Corp. 102 (1960) 16–19.
  295. 295. Ishiguro, S. and S. Sugawara: Comparisons of smoke components from lamina and midrib cigarettes of flue-cured tobacco leaves by trimethylsilylation method; Agr. Biol. Chem. 42 (1978) 407–410.
  296. 296. Johnson, R.R., E.D. Alford, and G.W. Kinzer: Formation of sucrose pyrolysis products; J. Agr. Food Chem. 17 (1969) 22–24.10.1021/jf60161a013
  297. 297. Fulp, C.W., S.W. Bess, and K.W. Smith: Ames report on the effect of using sucrose in burley casing with standard and high temperature burley drying; R&DM, 1992, October 22, see www.rjrtdocs.com 510817805 –7814.
  298. 298. Vagera, J.: Effects of mutagens on androgenesis in some species of Nicotiana L.; Biol. Plant 20 (1978) 19-24.
  299. 299. Mokhnachev, I.G. and D.N. Latayeva: Tobacco smoke phenols; Tabak (USSR) 27(2) (1966) 55-56.
  300. 300. Rowland, R.L.: Flue-cured tobacco. III. Solana-chromene and a-tocopherol; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80 (1958) 6130-6133.
  301. 301. Risner, C.H.: The determination of +a-tocopherol in tobacco and mainstream tobacco smoke; 50th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 50, Paper No. 46, 1996, p. 47; Tob. Sci. 41 (1997) 53-61.
  302. 302. Rodgman, A. and L.C. Cook: The composition of cigarette smoke. IV. a-Tocopherol; Tob. Sci. 4 (1960) 7-8.
  303. 303. Thome, F.A., G.W. Young, and CR. Green: GC/MS methods: Closed loop headspace analysis; RDM, 1976, No. 32, September 15, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500607232 -7241.
  304. 304. Higman, E.B., I. Schmeltz, H.C. Higman, and O.T. Chortyk: Studies on the thermal degradation of naturally occurring materials. II. Products from the pyrolysis of triglycerides at 400 °C; J. Agr. Food Chem. 21 (1973) 202-204.
  305. 305. Williamson, J.T., J.F. Graham, and D.R. Allman: The modification of cigarette smoke by filter tips; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 3 (1965) 233-242.
  306. 306. Demole, E. and P. Enggist: Identification of twenty-one novel constituents of Oriental tobacco flavour (Nicotiana tabacum L.) including (E)-3-methylnon-2-en-4-one, pentadecane-15-olide, 8a,13’,9a,13-diepoxy-15,16-norlabdane, (Z)-octadec-9-en-18-olide, and (E)-ethylidene-6,10,14-trimethylpentadecanal; Helv. Chim. Acta 61 (1978) 2318.
  307. 307. Miller, C.W., M.D. Wallace, and CR. Green: Smoke comparison studies of improved Winston candidates; RDM, 1979, No. 6, March 12, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500608190 -8224.
  308. 308. Mauldin, R.K.: The characterization of cigarette smoke from Cytrel® smoking product and its comparison to smoke from flue-cured tobacco. II. Semi-volatile vapor phase analysis; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 8 (1976) 422-429.
  309. 309. Wöhler, F.: On the decomposition of urea and uric acid at high temperatures; Ann. Phys. Chem. 15 (1829) 619-630.
  310. 310. Carugno, N, M. Neri, and G. Lionetti: Quantitative determination of free and protein-bound amino acids of tobacco; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 7 (1974) 222-227.
  311. 311. Green, CR., F.W. Best, CC Morrison, and F.W. Conrad Jr: Studies of the distribution of vanillin to mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke; 38th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 38, Paper No. 35, 1984, p. 19, see www.rjrtdocs.com 505124652 -4669.
  312. 312. Green, CR., F.W. Best, CC Morrison, and F.W. Conrad Jr: An analytical study of vanillin as a cigarette flavor; 8th International Tobacco Science Congress, 1984, CORESTA Information Bulletin, Special Edition 1984, Paper ST07, pp. 69-70.10.1016/0045-8732(84)90146-3
  313. 313. Kato, K. and Y. Shibayama: Products of the thermal decomposition of vanillin and their transfer to cigarette smoke; Sci. Papers, Cent. Res. Inst., Japan Monopoly Corp. 104 (1962) 115-121.
  314. 314. Eble, A.S., F.W. Best, and CR. Green: Fate of vanillin during smoking; R&DM, 1985, No. 3, January 2. see www.rjrtdocs.com 503852593 -2600.
  315. 315. Risner, C.H.: Analysis of applied vanillin in tobacco by high-performance liquid chromatography; R&DM, 1986, No. 114, August 4, see www.rjrtdocs.com 505448292 -8300.
  316. 316. Demole, E. and D. Berthet: A chemical study of burley tobacco flavour (Nicotiana tabacum L.). II. Medium-volatile, free acidic constituents (~b.p. 84-114 “C/0.001 Torr); Helv. Chim. Acta 55 (1972) 1898-1901.
  317. 317. Rodgman, A.: FTC “tar” and nicotine in cigarette mainstream smoke: A retrospective; Rec. Adv. Tob. Sci. 23 (1997) 5-74, see pp. 49-52.
  318. 318. Schumacher, J.N.: Investigation of natural cardamom oil; RDR, 1965, No. 56, November 4, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500966478 -6484.
  319. 319. Schlotzhauer, W.S.: Fatty acids and phenols from pyrolysis of cocoa powder, a tobacco product flavorant; Tob. Sci. 22 (1978) 1-2.
  320. 320. Harllee, G.C and J.C Leffingwell: Composition of casing materials: Cocoa, its constituents and their organoleptic properties; 32nd Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 32, Paper No. 25, 1979, p. 13; Casing materials -Cocoa (Part I); Tob. Internat. 181(5) (1979) 40, 45, 46, 49, 51, 52; Casing materials - Cocoa (Part II); Tob. Internat. 181(6) (1979) 18, 19, 21, 22, 25-28, 31, 34, 36, 39, 42, 43.
  321. 321. Roemer, E. and U. Hackenberg: Mouse skin bioassay of smoke condensates from cigarettes containing different levels of cocoa; Food Addit. Contam. 7 (1990) 563-569.
  322. 322. Flament, I. and Y. Bessière-Thomas: Coffee flavor chemistry; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 2002, pp. 1-410.
  323. 323. Aeschbacher, H.U. and H.P. Wurzner: An evaluation of instant and regular coffee in the Ames mutagenicity test; Toxicol. Lett. 5 (1980) 139-145.
  324. 324. Fulp, C.W., SW. Bess, and J.L. White: Ames report on the mutagenicity of water extracts and oils from coffee beans; R&DM, 1992, April 6, see www.rjrtdocs.com 510125091 -5134.
  325. 325. Schumacher, J.N.: Characterization of coriander oil; RDR, 1967, No. 35, October 20, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500968238 -8242.
  326. 326. Schumacher, J.N.: Investigation of davana oil; RDR, 1968, No. 11, February 14, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500968625 -8646.
  327. 327. Latimer, P.H.: A preliminary investigation of the pyrolysis-gas chromatography of polymers, tobaccos, and starch derivatives; RDR, 1966, No. 18, May 9, see www.rjrjtdocs.com 500967170 -7211.
  328. 328. Kröller, E.: Ein Beitrag zu Beurteilung von Tabakzu-satzstoffen auf Grund ihrer Pyrolyseprodukte. 2. Stärke und ihre Derivate [A contribution to the evaluation of tobacco additives on the basis of their pyrolysis products. Part 2: Starch and its derivatives]; Bundesgesundheitsblatt 9 (1966) 106-107.
  329. 329. Chung, H.L. and J.C. Aldridge: Pyrolytic study of honey sample; R&DM, 1993, November 19, see www.rjrtdocs.com 512099724 –9728.
  330. 330. Stavanja, M.S., P.H. Ayres, D.R. Meckley, B.R. Bombick, D.H. Pence, M.F. Borgerding, M.J. Morton, A.T. Mosberg, and J.E. Swauger: Toxicological evalu-ation of honey as an ingredient added to cigarette tobacco; J. Toxicol. Environ. Hlth. 66 (2003) 1453–1473.
  331. 331. Fulp, C.W., S.J. Penn, and D.L. Tuttle-Olm: Ames report on the effect of adding honey to products; R&DM, 1993, September 7, see www.rjrtdocs.com 510696558 –6565.
  332. 332. Sakagami, H.: Studies on the components of licorice root used for tobacco flavouring. III. The behaviour on smoking of glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetininc acid added to tobacco; Agr. Biol. Chem. 47 (1973) 623–626.
  333. 333. Green, C.R. and F.W. Best: The pyrolysis products of licorice; RDM, 1974, No. 20, August 28, see www.rjrtdocs.com 508476955 –6960.
  334. 334. Sakuma, H., S. Matsushima, S. Munakata, and S. Sugawara: Pyrolysis of chlorogenic acid and rutin; Agr. Biol. Chem. 46 (1982) 1311–1317.
  335. 335. Schumacher, J.N., D.A. Colby, and G.R. Shelar: A literature study of licorice; RDM, 1981, No. 10, March 16, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500609291 –9318.
  336. 336. Vora, P.S. and R.M. Tuorto: The behavior of licorice components during the burning process of tobacco products; 38th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Con-ference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 38, Paper No. 38, 1984, p. 20.
  337. 337. Kameoka, H. and K. Nakai: Components of essential oil from the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra; Nippon Gogeikaguku Kaishi 61 (1987) 1119–1122.
  338. 338. Rohde, W.A.: Chemical research on flavorants. Part I. Constituents of maple syrup; RDR, 1967, No. 12, March 30, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500967813 –7842.
  339. 339. Schumacher, J.N.: Investigation of nutmeg oil; RDR, 1966, No. 8, March 18, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500966909 –6922.
  340. 340. Vestal, L.L.: Investigation of styrax oil; RDR, 1967, No. 13, March 30, see www.rjrtdocs.com 500967843 –7851.
  341. 341. Hoffmann, D., M.V. Djordjevic, and K.D. Brunnemann: Changes in cigarette design and composition over time and how they influence the yields of smoke constituents; J. Smoking-Related Dis. 6 (1995) 9–23
  342. 342. Hoffmann, D. and I. Hoffmann: The changing cigarette: 1950–1995; J. Toxicol. Environ. Hlth. 50 (1997) 307–364.
  343. 343. Hoffmann, D., I. Hoffmann, and K. El-Bayoumy: The less harmful cigarette: A controversial issue. A tribute to Ernst L. Wynder; Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14 (2001) 767–790.
  344. 344. Hoffmann, D. and I. Hoffmann: The changing ciga-rette: Chemical studies and bioassays; in: Risks associated with smoking cigarettes with low machine-measured yields of tar and nicotine, NCI Smoking and tobacco control, Monograph 13, edited by D.M. Burns and N.L. Benowitz, Bethesda, MD, Chapter 5 (2001) 159–191.
  345. 345. Baer, F. and F. Griepentrog: The situation on the eva-luation of health hazards of flavoring materials for food products; Med. Ernahr. 8 (1967) 244–251, see www.rjrtdocs.com 510170340 –0352; Griepentrog, F.: Pathological-anatomical results on the effect of coumarin in animal experiments; Toxicology 1 (1973) 93–102.
  346. 346. Hagan, E.C., W.H. Hansen, O.G. Fitzhugh, P.M. Jenner, W.I. Jones, J.M. Taylor, E.L. Long, A.A. Nelson, and J.P. Brouwer: Food flavourings and com-pounds of related structure. II. Subacute and chronic toxicity; Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 5 (1967) 141–157, see www.rjrtdocs.com 510102531 –2547.
  347. 347. Rodgman, A.: Memorandum: Recommendation re coumarin use; 1978, July 7; Memorandum: Recom-mendation re coumarin use; 1978, October 11; Memorandum: Coumarin; 1982, December 6. see www.rjrtdoc s. com 501523143 –3146; 504755057–5060; 501923139–3141; 503288347 –8360.
  348. 348. Carruthers, W., R.A.W. Johnstone, and J.R. Plimmer: Gas liquid partition chromatography of mixtures of aryl methyl ethers; Chem. and Ind. (London), 1958, 331.
  349. 349. Campbell, J.A.: The effects of exhaust gases from internal combustion engines and of tobacco smoke upon mice, with special reference to the incidence of tumors of the lung; Brit. J. Exp. Pathol. 17 (1936) 146–158.
  350. 350. Henry, C.J. and R.E. Kouri: Chronic exposure of mice to cigarette smoke. Final report on “Smoke inhalation in mice”; Field, Rich and Associates, New York N.Y., 1984; Chronic inhalation studies in mice. II. Effects of long-term exposure to 2R1 cigarette smoke on (C57BL/Cum × C3H/Anf/Cum)F1 mice; J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 77 (1986) 203–212.
  351. 351. Pyriki, C. and W. Moldenhauer: Investigations on tobacco pectins and their influence on the quality of tobacco; Ber. Inst. Tabakforsch., Dresden 10 (1963) 238–263; Tobacco pectins and their influence on the quality of tobacco; Nahrung 7 (1963) 539–544.
  352. 352. de la Burde, R. and S.F. Norman: The isolation and characterization of the pectic substances from tobacco; Tob. Sci. 12 (1968) 236–240.
  353. 353. Osman, S. and J. Barson: An aromatic acid fraction of cigar smoke condensate; Phytochemistry 5 (1966) 511–515.
Language: English
Page range: 47 - 104
Submitted on: Sep 25, 2003
Accepted on: Dec 23, 2003
Published on: Dec 30, 2014
Published by: Institut für Tabakforschung GmbH
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2014 A Rodgman, published by Institut für Tabakforschung GmbH
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.