1. Bialous, S.A. and D. Yach: Whose standard is it, anyway? How the tobacco industry determines the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards for tobacco and tobacco products; Tob. Control 10 (2001) 96–104.
2. Wynder, E.L. and D. Hoffmann: Tobacco and tobacco smoke; Studies in experimental carcinogenesis; Academic Press, New York and London, 1967, pp 94–105.
3. DeBardeleben, M.Z., J.E. Wickham and W.F. Kuhn: The determination of tar and nicotine in cigarette smoke from an historical perspective; Rec. Adv. Tob. Sci. 17 (1991) 115–148.
7. Mumpower II, R.C., J.E. Kiefer and G.P. Touey: Effect of the duration of a constant-volume puff on the efficiency of cigarette filters; Tob. Sci. 5 (1961) 31–35.
10. Grob. K.: Gas chromatography of cigarette smoke. Part III. Separation of the overlap region of gas and particulate phase by capillary columns; J. Gas Chrom. 3 (1965) 52–56.
11. Holmes, J.C. and W.B. Cridlin: Moisture in the total particulate matter and gas phase of cigarette smoke; J. Assoc. Off. Agric. Chem. 43 (1960) 515–518.
12. Crowell, E.P., W.F. Kuhn, F.E. Resnik and C.J. Varsel: The determination of moisture in total particu-late matter of cigarette smoke by near-infrared spectrophotometry; Tob. Sci. 5 (1961) 54–57.
14. Avens, A.W. and G.W. Pearce: Silicotungstic acid determination of nicotine: errors involved and a new technique for steam-distillation of nicotine; Indust. Eng. Chem. -Anal. Ed. 11 (1939) 505–508.
16. Griffith, R.B. and R.N. Jeffrey: Improved steam-distillation apparatus: application to determination of nicotine in green and dry tobacco; Anal. Chem. 20 (1948) 307–311.
19. Quin, L.D.: Alkaloids of tobacco smoke. I. Fraction-ation of some tobacco alkaloids and of the alkaloid extract of burley cigarette smoke by gas chromatogra-phy; J. Org. Chem. 24 (1959) 911–914.
22. Peeler, C.L.: Cigarette testing and the Federal Trade Commission: a historical overview; in: Smoking and Tobacco Control. National Cancer Institute Mono-graph 7. The FTC cigarette test method for determining tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide of U.S. ciga-rettes. Report of the NCI expert committee. National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A., 1996, Chapter 1.
25. Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service: Smoking and Health; U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, DHEW Publ. No. (PHS) 1103, 1964.
28a. Federal Trade Commission: Cigarettes and related matters: methods to be employed in determining tar and nicotine content; Fed. Register 31 (1966) 14, 278.
32. Ogg, CL. and E.F. Schultz: Collaborative study of the determination of tar and nicotine in cigarette smoke; J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 53 (1970) 659-672.
34. Adams, P.I.: Measurements on puffs taken by human smokers; Paper presented at 20th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Winston-Salem, NC, U.S.A., Programme Booklet and Abstracts, no. 31, 1966.
36. Bates, W.B., R.B. Griffith, E.S. Harlow, M. Senkus, and H. Wakeham: Determination and reporting of total particulate matter, water in total particulate matter, and nicotine in cigarette smoke; Tob. Sci. 12 (1968) 192-196. (Reprinted from Virginia J. Sci. 18 (1967) 130-135.)
37. Johnson, J.C.: Development of machine smoking parameters for measurement of cigarette tar yield in the United Kingdom; J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 69 (1986) 598–600.
38. Rothwell, K. and C.A. Grant (Eds): Standard methods for the analysis of tobacco smoke; Tobacco Research Council, London, UK, Research Paper 11, 1972, 2nd edition was published in 1974 and 3rd edition was published in 1986.
40a. Deutsches Institut für Normung: Analysis of tobacco and tobacco products – Machine smoking of cigarettes and determination of smoke condensate: requirements for an analytical smoking machine; DIN 10, 240, 1978.
40b. Deutsches Institut für Normung: Analysis of tobacco and tobacco products – Determination of alkaloids in cigarette smoke condensates – spectrophotometric method; DIN 10, 242, 1982.
41a. International Organisation for Standardisation: Rou-tine analytical cigarette-smoking machine. Definitions and standard conditions; ISO 3308, 1991; replaced by revised edition in 2000.
41b. International Organisation for Standardisation: Tobacco and tobacco products. Atmosphere for conditioning and testing; ISO 3402, 1991; replaced by revised edition in 1999.
41c. International Organisation for Standardisation: Ciga-rettes. Determination of total and nicotine-free dry particulate matter using a routine analytical smoking machine; ISO 4387, 1991; replaced by revised edition in 2000.
41d. International Organisation for Standardisation: Sam-pling tobacco and tobacco products. Methods of sampling cigarettes; ISO 8243, 1991, current standard.
41e. International Organisation for Standardisation: Ciga-rettes. Determination of nicotine in smoke conden-sates – gas chromatographic method; ISO 10315, 1991; replaced by revised edition in 2000.
41f. International Organisation for Standardisation: Ciga-rettes. Determination of water in smoke condensates – gas chromatographic method; ISO 10362-1, 1991; replaced by revised edition in 1999.
41g. International Organisation for Standardisation: Ciga-rettes. Determination of water in smoke condensates – Karl Fischer method; ISO 10362-4, 1994; current standard. (The equivalent CORESTA methods are CORESTA Recommended Method Numbers 7, 8, 21 to 25, CORESTA Inf. Bull. No. 3 (1991) 112–179.
43. International Organisation for Standardisation: Rou-tine analytical cigarette smoking machine. Specification for the machine and auxiliary equipment; ISO 3308, First edition, 1977. Now withdrawn and re-placed by the standard in reference 41a.
44. International Organisation for Standardisation: Ciga-rettes - determination of total and dry particulate matter using a routine analytical cigarette smoking achine - glass fibre filter smoke trap method; ISO 4387, First edition, 1987. Now withdrawn and re-placed by the standard in reference 41c.
45. International Organisation for Standardisation: Ciga-rettes - determination of total and dry particulate matter using a routine analytical smoking machine. An electrostatic smoke trap method; ISO 8453, First edition 1987. Now withdrawn and not replaced.
47. Baker, R.R. and L.S. Lewis: A review of the inci-dence and consequences of cigarette filter vent blocking among smokers; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 19 (2001) 209-228.
49. European Economic Community: Council Directive 90/239/EEC 17 May 1990 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning the maximum tar yields of cigarettes; Official Journal L 137 (1990) 36-37.
50. International Organisation for Standardisation: Precision of test methods - Determination of repeatability and reproducibility for a standard test method by interlaboratory tests; ISO 5725, 1986.
51. CORESTA: Smoking methods. The determination of repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) for the mea-surement of: nicotine-free dry particulate matter, nicotine and water using CORESTA Recommended Methods 7, 8, 21, 22, 23, 25; CORESTA Inf. Bull. No. 3 (1991) 4-111.
52a. Federal Trade Commission: Up in smoke: the truth about tar and nicotine ratings, May 2000; Internet website: www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/alerts/ smokealrt.htm
55. Schulz, W. and F. Seehofer: Smoking behaviour in Germany - the analysis of cigarette butts (KIPA); in: Smoking behaviour: physiological and psychological influences, edited by R.E. Thornton, Churchill Livingstone, London, 1978, pp 259-276.
57. Fourth Report of the Independent Scientific Committee on Smoking and Health (Chairman, Froggatt, Sir P.); Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1988, Appendix 3.
59. Green, S.J.: Ranking cigarette brands on smoke deliveries; in: Smoking behaviour: physiological and psychological influences, edited by R.E. Thornton, Churchill Livingstone, London, 1978, pp 380–388. The references included in Green's quotation in Section 6.4 of this review are:
59a. Hammond, E.C., L. Garfinkel, H. Seidman and E. Lew: Some recent findings concerning cigarette smoking: Presented at a meeting on “The Origins of Human Cancer” at Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory on September 14, 1976.
59b. Dean, G., P.N. Lee, G.F. Todd and A.J. Wicken: Report on a Second Retrospective Mortality Study in North-East England. Part 1. Factors related to mortal-ity from lung cancer, bronchitis, heart disease and stroke in Cleveland County, with particular emphasis on the relative risks associated with smoking filter and plain cigarettes; Tobacco Research Council, Research Paper 14, Part 1, London, 1977.
60. National Cancer Institute Monograph 7: Smoking and Tobacco Control. The FTC cigarette test method for determining tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide of U.S. cigarettes. Report of the NCI expert committee. National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A., 1996, pp. iii-xx.
61. Rickert, W.S., J.C. Robinson, J.C. Young, N.E. Collinshaw and D.F. Bray: A comparison of the yields of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide of 36 brands of Canadian cigarettes tested under three conditions; Prev. Med. 12 (1983) 682–694.
62. Rickert, W.S. and M.J. Kaiserman: A comparison of yields of “tar”, nicotine and CO of 115 brands of Canadian cigarettes tested under six conditions; Paper presented at 51st Tobacco Chemists’ Research Confer-ence, Winston-Salem, NC, U.S.A., Programme Booklet and Abstract, no. 7, 1997.
63. Borgerding, M.F. and L.S. Winkler: Effect of alternative puffing regimens on relative cigarette performance; Paper presented at 49th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Lexington, KY, U.S.A., Programme Booklet and Abstract, no. 47, 1995.
64. Taylor, C.R., Jr., J.R. Reid, M.A. Sudholt, K.F. Po-draza, F.S. Hsu, M.F. Borgerding, J.A. Bodnar and J.F. Whidby: The 1999 Massachusetts benchmark study. Final report. (A Research Study Conducted after Consultation with the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH)). Presented to the MDPH on 24 July 2000. Compiled by M.F. Borgerding, J.A. Bodnar and D.E. Wingate.
65. Borgerding, M.F., J.A. Bodnar, F.S. Hsu, W.T. Morgan, K.F. Podraza, J.R. Reid, M. A. Sudholt, CR. Taylor Jr., and J.F. Whidby: 1999 Massachusetts benchmark study to evaluate mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke constituent yields. Part 1. General summary and overview of results; Part 2. Overview of mainstream results; Part 3. Overview of sidestream results; Part 4. Application of functional relationships to estimate mainstream and sidestream smoke yields; Papers presented at the 54th Tobacco Science Research Conference, Nashville, TN, U.S.A., Programme Booklet and Abstracts, nos. 15, 16, 17 and 18, pp. 25-28, 2000.
66. Borgerding, M.F., J.A. Bodnar, K.F. Podraza, J.R. Reid, F.S. Hsu, M.A. Sudholt, CR. Taylor, Jr., and J.F. Whidby: 1999 Massachusetts benchmark study to evaluate mainstream and sidestream smoke constitu-ent yields - a summary of results; Paper presented at CO RESTA Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, CO RESTA Congress Inf. Bull., Abstract ST18, p. 162, 2000.
68. Adams, P.I.: The influence of cigarette smoke yields on smoking habits; in: Smoking behaviour: physio-logical and psychological influences, edited by R.E. Thornton, Churchill Livingstone, London, 1978, pp. 349-360.
69. Adams, P.I.: Cigar smoking: measurement of the human smoking regime and its relationship to smoking machines; Paper presented at joint CORESTA/To-bacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Williamsburg, VA, U.S.A., CORESTA Inf. Bull., Abstract 78, pp. 116-117, 1972.
70. Adams, P.I.: Changes in personal smoking habits brought about by changes in cigarette smoke yield; Paper presented at 6th International Tobacco Scientific Congress, Tokyo, Japan, CORESTA Inf. Bull., Abstract G005, pp. 132-133, 1976.
73. Norman, A.: Cigarette design and materials; in: Tobacco - production, chemistry and technology, edited by D.L. Davis and M.T. Nielsen, Blackwell Science, Oxford, U.K., 1999, pp. 353-387.
77. A report of the Royal College of Physicians of London on smoking in relation to cancer of the lung and other diseases: Smoking and Health; Pitman Medical Publishing Co. Ltd., London, U.K., 1962.
80. World Health Organisation: Smoking and its effects on health. Report of a WHO expert committee; WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 1975, Technical Report Series No. 568, pp 29–34.
81. World Health Organisation: Controlling the smoking epidemic, Report of the WHO expert committee on smoking control, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 1979, Technical Report Series No. 636, p. 72.
83. Froggatt, Sir P.: Smoking and health: yesterday's lessons and tomorrow's agenda; lecture given to the Royal College of Physicians, London, October 1989.
84. Report of the Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health (Chairman, Poswillo, D.); U.K. Department of Health, The Stationery Office, London, U.K., 1998, p. 14.