Have a personal or library account? Click to login
“Smoke pH”: A Review Cover

References

  1. 1. S⊘rensen, S.P.L.: Enzymstudien. II. Uber die Mes-sung und die Bedeutung der Wasserstoffionenkon-zentration bei enzymatischen Prozessen; Biochem. Z. 21 (1909) 131-200, see 131-134,159-160; [French language version]; Compt. Rend. Trav. Lab. Carls-berg 8 (1909) 1.
  2. 2. S⊘rensen, S.P.L. and K. Linderstrem-Lang: Compt. Rend. Trav. Lab. Carlsberg 15 (No. 6) (1924) 40.
  3. 3. Getman, F.H. and F. Daniels: Outlines of physical chemistry; 7th ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y. 1945, pp. 450-451, 493-494.
  4. 4. Bates, R.G.: Determination of pH: theory and prac-tice; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y. 1965, 173-175.
  5. 5. Ricci, J.E.: Hydrogen ion concentration: New con-cepts in a systematic treatment; Princeton Univer-sity Press, Princeton, N.J., 1952, pp. 1-460.10.1515/9781400876105
  6. 6. Bates, R.G.: Determination of pH: theory and prac-tice; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y, 1965,32-33.
  7. 7. Westcott, C.C.: pH measurements; Academic Press, New York, N.Y, 1978, pp. 1-172, see 89-92.10.1016/B978-0-12-745150-3.50004-7
  8. 8. Wenusch, A.: On the strength of tobacco products; Fachliche Mitt. Ósterr. Tabakregie, Issue no. 3 (1931) 1-10; see also Wenusch, A.: Der Tabakrauch; Arthur Geist, Bremen, Germany, 1939.
  9. 9. Shmuk, A. and M. Kolesnik: The reaction of tobacco smoke in connection with the quality of tobacco; Narkom. SSSR-SoyuztabakGosudar. Inst. Tabak Buli. 80 (1931) 45-52.
  10. 10. Molinari, E. and H. Kuhn: Fachliche Mitt. Ósterr. Tabakregie, Issue no. 1 (1954) 1; Pyriki, C. and W.F. Homann: Gruppenzugehórigkeit von fermentierten Tabaken und das Verhalten derselben bei der Wasserdampfbehandlung; Ber. Inst. Tabakforsch. Dresden 2 (1955) 151-173; Pyriki, C: Relations entre la composition chimique du tabac et les caracteres de la fumće; Proceedings of the 2nd International Scien-tific Tobacco Congress, 1966, 460-495.
  11. 11. Lickint, F, Atiologie und Prophylaxe des Lungen-krebses; Krebsarzt (Wien) 8 (1953) 281-286.
  12. 12. Kukowka, A. and B. Rackow: The acidifying and colloidal behavior of emulsified tobacco smokes of different origins; Deut. Gesundheit. 14 (1959) 1944-1951.
  13. 13. Pyriki, C. and W.F. Homann: Uber Chinatabak. II. Die weiteren Merkmale des Tabaks und die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen der chemischen Zusammensetzung und der Handelsqualitat; Ber. Inst. Tabakforsch. Dresden 6 (1959) 106-125.
  14. 14. Kobashi, Y, S. Sakaguchi, and M. łzawa: Studies on the thermal decomposition of tobacco alkaloids. III. Combustion temperatures of some unblended ciga-rettes and the transfer of nicotine into cigarette smoke; Buli. Agr. Chem Soc. 0apan) 24 (1960) 274-277.
  15. 15. Grób, K.: Die Bestimmung des pH-Wertes und der Pufferungkapazitat des Cigarettenrauches ais Rou-tine-Methode; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 1 (1961) 97-100.
  16. 16. Artho, AJ. and K. Grób: Distribution of nicotine between the vapour and particulate phases of cigarette smoke; 17th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 17, Paper No. 10, 1963, p. 10; Nikotinabsorption aus dem Cigarettenrauch; Z. Pravent. Med. 9 (1964) 14-25.
  17. 17. Kensler, C.J. and S.P. Battista: Factors effecting [sic] mammalian ciliary activity; Proc. Am. Assoc. Can-cer Res. 4 (1) (1963) 33; Components of cigarette smoke with ciliary-depressant activity: Their selective removal by filters containing activated charcoal; New Eng. J. Med. 269 (1963) 1161-1166.
  18. 18. Wynder, E.L. and D. Hoffmann: Tobacco and tobacco smoke: Studies in experimental carcinog-enesis; Academic Press, New York, N.Y, 1967, pp. 251-253.
  19. 19. Artho, AJ. and K. Grób: Zur pH-Bestimmung von Cigarettenrauch; Mitt. Geb. Lebensm. Hyg. 56 (1965) 270-273.
  20. 20. Cundiff, R.H, AJ. Sensabaugh, Jr, and P.C. Markunas: Titrimetric determination of acid fractions of tobacco smoke; 15th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 15, Paper No. 14, 1961, p. 7. Tob. Sci. 6 (1962) 25-27.
  21. 21. Artho, AJ. and K. Grob: Nikotinabsorption aus dem Zigarettenrauch; Z. Pravent. Med. 9 (1970) 90-95.
  22. 22. Ayres, CL and S.R. Evelyn: Filtration of nicotine by synthetic filter plugs: Dependence upon type of tobacco; 18th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Confer-ence, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 18, Paper No. 25, 1964, pp. 37-39.
  23. 23. Fordyce, W.B. and H.G. Horsewell: The effect of pH on cigarette smoke filtration; 19th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 19, Paper No. 20, 1965, p. 31.
  24. 24. Artho, A.J. and K. Grób: Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung des pH-Wertes von Zigarettenrauch; Mitt. Geb. Lebensm. Hyg. 57 (1966) 366-373; [Eng-lish translation]: Investigations into the determination of the pH value of cigarette smoke; Tabak J. Internat. 1(1971)31-33.
  25. 25. Sensabaugh, A.J. Jr. and R.H. Cundiff: A new technique for determining the pH of whole tobacco smoke; 20th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 20, Paper No. 25, 1966, pp. 31-32; Tob. Sci. 11 (1967) 25-30.
  26. 26. Brunnemann, K.D. and D. Hoffmann: [Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. XXV.] On the pH of tobacco smoke; 26th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 26, Paper No. 11, 1972, pp. 16-17; Food Cosmet. Tcmcol. 12 (1974) 115-124.
  27. 27. Dobbins, J.T. Jr.: Cigarettes; in: Encyclopedia of industrial chemical analysis, Vol. 10, edited by F.D. Snell and L.S. Ettre, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1970, pp. 1-42, see 21-25.
  28. 28. Patel, A.R.: Preparation and monitoring of cigarette smoke condensate samples; in: Report No. 1. To-ward less hazardous cigarettes. The first set of experi-mental cigarettes, DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 765-905, 1976, pp. 49-58; Report No. 2. Toward less hazardous cigarettes. The second set of experimental cigarettes, DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 76-1111, 1976, pp. 71-84; Report No. 3. Toward less hazardous cigarettes. The third set of experimental cigarettes, DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 77-1280, 1977, pp. 67-80; Report No. 4. Toward less hazardous cigarettes. The fourth set of experimental cigarettes, edited by G.B. Gori, DHEW Publ. No. (NIH), March 1980, pp. 99-114.
  29. 29. Guerin, M.R.: Chemical characterization of experi-mental cigarettes and cigarette smoke condensates; in: Report No. 1. Toward less hazardous cigarettes. The first set of experimental cigarettes, edited by G.B. Gori, DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 76-905, 1976, pp. 59-84; Guerin, M.R., R.B. Quincy, and H. Ku-bota: Chemical characterization of experimental cigarettes and cigarette smoke condensates; in: Report No. 2. Toward less hazardous cigarettes. The second set of experimental cigarettes, edited by G.B. Gori, DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 76-1111, 1976, pp. 33-55; Griest, W.H, M.R. Guerin, R.B. Quincy, and H. Kubota: Chemical characterization of experimental cigarettes and cigarette smoke condensates; in: Report No. 3. Toward less hazardous cigarettes. The third set of experimental cigarettes, edited by G.B. Gori, DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 77-1280, 1977, pp. 67-80; Griest, W.H., M.R. Guerin, R.B. Quincy, R.A. Jenkins, and H. Kubota: Chemical characterization of experimental cigarettes and cigarette smoke condensates; in: Report No. 4. Toward less hazardous cigarettes. The fourth set of experi-mental cigarettes, edited by G.B. Gori, DHEW Publ. No. (NIH), March 1980, pp. 65-97.
  30. 30. Guerin, M.R.: Chemical characterization of experi-mental cigarettes and cigarette smoke condensates; in: Report No. 1. Toward less hazardous cigarettes. The first set of experimental cigarettes, edited by G.B. Gori, DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 76-905, 1976, pp. 59-84, seep. 62.
  31. 31. Gori, G.B, S.P. Battista, P.S. Thayer, M.R. Guerin, and C.J. Lynch: Chemistry and in vitro bioassay of smoke from experimental filter cigarettes; DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 76-1076 (1976) pp. 1-42.
  32. 32. National Cancer Institute (NCI): Report No. 5. Toward less hazardous cigarettes. Summary: Four skin painting bioassays using condensate from ex-perimental cigarettes; DHEW Publ. (NIH) Septem-ber 1980.
  33. 33. Harris, J.L. and L.E. Hayes: A method for measuring the pH value of whole smoke; 30th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 30, Paper No. 43, 1976, p. 30. Tob. Sci. 21 (1977) 58-60.
  34. 34. Kłus, H, H. Begutter, and I. Ultsch: Der Einfluss des Filterventilationsgrades auf einige ausgewahlte Rauchparameter; CORESTA Smoke Study Meeting, Albufeira, Portugal, 1981.
  35. 35. Kruszyński, AJ.: The measurement of whole smoke pH of tobacco smoke; CORESTA 1982 Symposium, Winston-Salem NC, CORESTA Inf. Buli, Spec. Edition 1982, Paper S06, pp. 16-17.
  36. 36. Lakritz, L, R.L. Stedman, and E.D. Strange: Artifi-cial alteration of smoke pH: effects on composition and filtration; 22nd Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 22, Paper No. 43, 1968, p. 25; Artificial alteration of smoke pH: effects on formie and acetic acids and phenols; 23rd Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 23, Paper No. 31, 1969, p. 22.
  37. 37. Stedman RL, L. Lakritz, and E.R. Strange: Composition studies on tobacco. XXXIII. Changes in smoke composition and filtration by artificial alteration of smoke pH; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 5 (1969) 13-17.
  38. 38. Braumann, T. and H. Elmenhorst: The pH of main-stream smoke; 43rd Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 43, Paper No. 30, 1989, p. 29.
  39. 39. Green, CR. and A. Rodgman: The Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference: A half century forum for advances in analytical methodology of tobacco and its products; Rec. Adv. Tob. Sci. 22 (1996) 131-304.
  40. 40. Wingate, D.E, D.L. James, L.A. Crumpler, and M.F. Borgerding: Investigation of cigarette “smoke pH” measurements included in nicotine yield tests required by some states; 52nd Tobacco Science Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 52, Paper No. 06, 1998, p. 17.
  41. 41. Dong, J.Z, J.N. Glass, B.T. Thompson, B.F. Price, J.H. Lauterbach, and S.C. Moldoveanu: A simple technique for determining the pH of whole cigarette smoke; 52nd Tobacco Science Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 52, Paper No. 07, 1998, p. 18; A simple technique for determining the pH of whole cigarette smoke; Beitr. Tabak-forsch. Int. 19 (2000) 33-48.
  42. 42. Callicutt, C.H, J.M. Garman, CM. Shackelford, and K. Walker: pH determination of aqueous Solutions of mainstream cigarette smoke; 52nd Tobacco Science Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 52, Paper No. 08, 1998, p. 19.
  43. 43. Walker, R.T, E.L. Butler, V. Norman, R.M. Striegel, M.A. Sudholt, and CS. Williard: A study of analytical methods for measuring smoke pH; 52nd Tobacco Science Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 52, Paper No. 09, 1998, p. 19.
  44. 44. Frost, B.E, D.C Mariner, and N.M. Sinclair: Fac-tors relating to nicotine physio-chemistry and retention in human smokers; 1998 CORESTA Congress, Brighton, papers presented at the meeting of the CORESTA Smoke and Technology Groups, pp. 211-218.
  45. 45. Bevan, P.C: A review of the methods used to mea-sure the ‘pH of smoke'; 1998 CORESTA Congress, Brighton, papers presented at the meeting of the CORESTA Smoke and Technology Groups, 1998, pp.90-98.
  46. 46. Wynder, E.L. and D. Hoffmann: Unpublished 1963 results described in: E.L. Wynder and D. Hoffmann: Tobacco and tobacco smoke: studies in ex-perimental carcinogenesis; Academic Press, New York, N.Y, 1967, p. 406.
  47. 47. Wynder, E.L. and D. Hoffmann: Tobacco and tobacco smoke: studies in experimental carcinogenesis; Academic Press, New York, N.Y, 1967, p. 407.
  48. 48. Leffingwell, J.C and D. Leffingwell: TCRC sympo-sium summary: Chemical and sensory aspects of tobacco flavor - an overview; Rec. Adv. Tob. Sci. 14 (1988) 169-218, see 197.
  49. 49. Larson, P.S. and H. Silvette: Tobacco: experimental and clinical studies. Supplement III; The Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, MD, 1975, pp. 287, 290, 610, 625, 649.
  50. 50. Passey, R.D. and D. Warbrick-Smith: Types of tobacco and lung cancer; Brit. Emp. Cancer Camp, Ann. Rpt. 45 (Part II) (1967) 26.
  51. 51. Passey, R.D, L.A. Elson, R. Jones, and T. Betts: Plant sugars in cigarette tobacco; Brit. Emp. Cancer Camp. Ann. Rpt. 46 (1968) 10-11.
  52. 52. Passey, R.D, and L.A. Elson: Different smoking risks of flue-cured and air-cured tobaccos; J. Pathol. 101 (1970) xviii.
  53. 53. Elson, L.A. and T.E. Betts: Sugar content of the tobacco and pH of the smoke in relation to lung cancer risks of cigarette smoking; J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 48 (1972) 1885-1890; see also Larson, P.S. and H. Sih/ette: Tobacco: experimental and clinical studies. Supplement III; The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, MD, 1975, p. 610.
  54. 54. Elson, L.A, T.E. Betts, and R.D. Passey: The sugar content and the pH of the smoke of cigarette, pipę, and cigar tobaccos in relation to lung cancer; Int. J. Cancer 9 (1972) 666-675.
  55. 55. Betts, T.E.: Sugar in tobacco: its effect on smoke pH; Lab. Practica 30 (1981) 341-434.
  56. 56. Wynder, E.L. and D. Hoffmann: Ein experimen-teller Beitrag zur Tabakrauchkanzerogenese; Deut. Med. Wchnschr. 88 (1963) 623-628.
  57. 57. Mizusaki, S, H. Okamoto, A. Akiyama, and Y. Fukuhara: Relation between chemical constituents of tobacco and mutagenic action of cigarette smoke condensate; Mutat. Res. 48 (1977) 319-325.
  58. 58. Sato, S, T. Ohka, M. Nagao, K. Tsuji, and T. Kosuge: Reduction in mutagenicity of cigarette smoke condensate by added sugars; Mutat. Res. 60 (1979)155-161.
  59. 59. Malhotra, S.L.: Clues to the possible modę of action of cigarette smoke in the pathogenesis of lung cancer; J. Indian Med. Assoc. 55 (1970) 265-270.
  60. 60. Hoffmann, D, G. Rathkamp, K.D. Brunnemann, and E.L. Wynder: Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. XXII. On the profile analysis of tobacco smoke; Sci. Total Environ. 2 (1973) 157-171.
  61. 61. Brunnemann, K.D, D. Hoffmann, and E.L. Wynder: Studies on the “inhalability” of cigarette and cigar smoke; 27th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 27, Paper No. 27, 1973, p. 21.
  62. 62. Rathkamp, G, T.C Tso, and D. Hoffmann: On the correlation between various leaf constituents and selected smoke components; 25th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 25, Paper No. 06, 1971, p. 5; Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. XX. Smoke analyses of cigarettes madę from bright tobacco dif-fering in variety and stalk position; Beitr. Tabakforsch 7 (1973) 179-189; Tso, T.C, G. Rathkamp, and D. Hoffmann: Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. XXI. Correlation and multiple re-gression among selected cigarette-smoke constituents and leaf characteristics of bright tobacco; Beitr. Tabakforsch 7 (1973) 190-194.
  63. 63. Vickroy, D.G.: The characterization of cigarette smoke from Cytrel® smoking products and its comparison to smoke from flue-cured tobacco. I. Vapor phase analysis; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 8 (1976) 415-421; Mauldin, R.K: II. Semi-volatile vapor phase analysis; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 8 (1976) 422-429; Allen, R.E, and D.G. Vickroy: III. Partic-ulate phase analysis; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 8 (1976) 430-437.
  64. 64. Sloan, C.H. and G.P. Morie: Method for the deter-mination of unprotonated ammonia in cigarette smoke; 29th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Confer-ence, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 29, Paper No. 16, 1975, p. 16; Determination of unprotonated ammonia in whole cigarette smoke; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 8 (1976) 362-365.
  65. 65. Wynder, E.L. and D. Hoffmann: Tobacco and tobacco smoke: studies in experimental carcinogene-sis; Academic Press, New York, N.Y, 1967, p. 376.
  66. 66. Philippe, R.J. and E.J. Hackney: The presence of nitrous oxide and methyl nitrite in cigarette smoke; 12th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 12, Paper No. 18, 1958, p. 2; The presence of nitrous oxide and methyl nitrite in cigarette smoke and tobacco pyrol-ysis gases; Tob. Sci. 3 (1959) 139-143.
  67. 67. Vilcins, G. and J.O. Lephardt: Aging process of cigarette smoke: formation of methyl nitrite; 28th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 28, Paper No. 52, 1974, p. 33; Chem. Ind. (London) (1974) 974-975.
  68. 68. Armitage, A.K. and D.M. Turner: Absorption of nicotine in cigarette and cigar smoke through orał mucosa; Naturę 226 (1970) 1231-1233.
  69. 69. Armitage, A.K, C.T. Dollery, C.F. George, T.H. Houseman, P.J. Lewis, and D.M. Turner: Absorption and metabolism of nicotine from cigarettes; Brit. Med.J.w (1975) 313-316.
  70. 70. Armitage, A.K, C.T. Dollery, T.H. Houseman, E.M. Kohner, P.J. Lewis, and D.M. Turner: Absorption of nicotine from smali cigars; Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 23 (1978) 143-150.
  71. 71. Morie, G.P.: Fraction of protonated and unprotonated nicotine in tobacco smoke at various pH val-ues; Tob. Sci. 16 (1972) 167.
  72. 72. Hoffmann, D. and E.L. Wynder: [Chemical studies in tobacco smoke. XVIII]. Smoke of cigarettes and little cigars: an analytical comparison; Science 178 (1972)1197-1199.
  73. 73. Brunnemann, K.D. and D. Hoffmann: Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. XXXIV. Gas chromato-graphic determination of ammonia in cigarette and cigar smoke; J. Chromat. Sci. 13 (1975) 159-163.
  74. 74. Russell, M.A.H. and C. Feyerabend: Cigarette smoking: a dependence on high nicotine boli; Drug Metab. Rev. 8(1978)29-51.
  75. 75. Gori, G.B, N.L. Benowitz, and C.J. Lynch: Mouth versus deep airways absorption of nicotine in cigarette smokers; Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 25 (1986)1181-1184.
  76. 76. Wynder, E.L. and D. Hoffmann: Reduction of tumorigenicity of cigarette smoke. An experimental approach; J. Am. Med. Assoc. 192 (1965) 88-94.
  77. 77. Huber, G.L.: Physical, chemical, and biological properties of tobacco, cigarette smoke, and other tobacco products; in: Tobacco and smoking cessation. I, edited by G.L. Huber, Sem. Resp. Med. 10 (1989)297-332.
  78. 78. Kozłowski, L.T. and R.M. Kleiman: Effects of orał pH on cigarette smoking; Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 9 (1978) 477-480.10.1016/0091-3057(78)90045-X
  79. 79. Thome, F.A, G.W. Young, and CR. Green: Identification of organie compounds found in human sa-liva after smoking: Part I. Volatile phase of smoke; R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co, Research Department Report No. 12, September 14, 1976, pp. 1-18, see www.rjrtdocs.com/rjrtdocs/frames.html.
  80. 80. Baker, R.R.: Smoke chemistry; in: Tobacco: pro-duction, chemistry and technology, edited by D.L. Davis and M.T. Nielsen, Blackwell Science, Oxford, U.K., 1999, pp. 398-439, seepp. 414-415.
  81. 81. Brunnemann, K.D. and D. Hoffmann: [Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. XXV.] On the pH of tobacco smoke; 26th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 26, Paper No. 11, 1972, pp. 16-17; Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 12(1974) 115-124.
  82. 82. IARC: Chemistry and analysis of tobacco smoke; in: Evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans: tobacco smoking; IARC, Lyon, France, IARC Monograph 38 (1986) 83-126.
  83. 83. Bevan, P.C.: Unpublished results (1995) cited by Baker, R.R.: Smoke chemistry; in: Tobacco: production, chemistry and technology, edited by D.L. Davis and M.T. Nielsen, Blackwell Science, Oxford, U.K., 1999, pp. 398-439, seep. 415.
  84. 84. United States Food and Drug Administration: Nicotine in cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products is a drug and these products are nicotine delivery devices under the federal food, drug, and cosmetic act; US FDA DHHS, August, 1995, pp. 1-326, see Sections II. D and E; also see statement by D.A. Kessler: The control and manipulation of nicotine in cigarettes; Appendix A, 1994, pp. 231-256; United States Food and Drug Administration: Analysis regarding the Food and Drug Administration's jurisdiction over nicotine-containing cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products; U.S. Fed. Reg. 60, No. 155, 1995, 41453-41787, see 41693-41733.
  85. 85. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company: Procedurę for expansion of tobacco; Kingdom of Belgium Patent 760,114, May 17,1971. Fredrickson, J.D, J.P. Dicker-son, E.S. Hickman, and E.D. Harper Jr: Use of am-monium carbonate and ammonium bicarbonate in puffing tobacco and other materials of biological ori-gin; R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. Conception of In-vention Memorandum No. 48, April 1, 1969, pp. 1-2, for complete text, see www.rjrtdocs.com/rjrtdocs/frames.html.
  86. 86. Philip Morris Incorporated: Process for tobacco swel-ling; Kingdom of Belgium Patent 760,221, August 31, 1971.
  87. 87. Wakeham, H: Preparation of NCI test cigarette No. 49; im Report No. 2. Toward less hazardous ciga-rettes. The second set of experimental cigarettes, ed-ited by G.B. Gori, DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 76-1111, 1976, pp. 67-68.
  88. 88. Schmeltz, I, K.D. Brunnemann, D. Hoffmann, and A. Cornell: [Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. XLV.] On the chemistry of cigar smoke: compari-sons between experimental little and large cigars; 29th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 29, Paper No. 41, 1975, p. 29; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 8 (1976) 367-377.
  89. 89. Johnson, W.R., R.W. Hale, S.C. Clough, J.W. Nedlock, and P.H. Chen: The chemistry of the con-version of nitrate nitrogen to smoke products; 26th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 26, Paper No. 04, 1972, pp. 6-7; Johnson, W.R., R.W. Hale, S.C. Clough, and P.H. Chen: Chemistry of the conversion of nitrate nitrogen to smoke products; Naturę 243 (1973) 223-225.
  90. 90. Ellis, CL, R.H. Cox, C.H. Callicutt, S.W. Laffoon, K.F. Podraża, and J.I. Seeman: The effect of ingredi-ents, including ammonia compounds, on FTC nico-tine yield and “smoke pH” of a commercial Marlboro Lights cigarette; 53rd Tobacco Science Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 53, Paper No. 45,1999, p. 44; Ellis, CL, R.H. Cox, C.H. Callicutt, S.W. Laffoon, K.F. Podraża, J.I. Seeman, R.D. Kinser, D.E. Farthing, and F.S. Hsu: The effect of ingredients added to tobacco in a commercial Marlboro Lights cigarette on FTC nicotine yield, “smoke pH”, and Cambridge filter trapping effi-ciency; 1998 CORESTA Congress, Brighton, papers presented at the meeting of CORESTA Smoke and Technology Groups, 1998, Paper No. ST2.
  91. 91. Mays, CD, T.H. Edwards, and R.F. Moates: Expansion of tobacco with ammonia-carbon dioxide; R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. Research Department Report No. 2, February 28,1973, pp. 1-10, for complete text, see www.rjrtdocs.com/rjrtdocs/frames. html.
  92. 92. Green, CR., J.M. Martin, and A. Rodgman: Effect of treatment of tobacco with ammonia or various am-monium salts on the levels of pyridines and pyrazines in smoke; R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. Research Department Report No. 3, January 29, 1976, pp. 1-63, 5eewww.rjrtdocs.com/rjrtdocs/frames.html.
  93. 93. Maga, J.A. and CE. Sizer: Pyrazines in food; Crit. Rev. Food Technol. 4 (1973) 39-115.10.1080/10408397309527153
  94. 94. Gori, G.B. (Editor): Report No. 2. Toward less hazardous cigarettes. The second set of experimental cigarettes; DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 76-1111, 1976.
  95. 95. Gori, G.B. (Editor): Report No. 1. Toward less hazardous cigarettes. The first set of experimental cigarettes; DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 76-905,1976; Report No. 2. Toward less hazardous cigarettes. The second set of experimental cigarettes; DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 76-1111, 1976; Report No. 3. Toward less hazardous cigarettes. The third set of experimental cigarettes; DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 77-1280, 1977; Report No. 4. Toward less hazardous cigarettes. The fourth set of experimental cigarettes; DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) March 1980; National Cancer Institute: Report No. 5. Toward less hazardous cigarettes. Sum-mary: Four skin painting bioassays using condensate from experimental cigarettes; DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) September 1980.
  96. 96. Rodgman, A.: FTC “tar” and nicotine in cigarette mainstream smoke: a retrospective; Rec. Adv. Tob. Sci. 23 (1997) 5-74, seepp. 22-24 and Tables 1 and 2.
Language: English
Page range: 117 - 139
Submitted on: Mar 8, 2000
|
Accepted on: Aug 15, 2000
|
Published on: Dec 30, 2014
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2014 A Rodgman, published by Institut für Tabakforschung GmbH
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.