References
- 1. Hoffmann, D., J. D. Adams, K. D. Brunnemann, A. Rivenson and S. S. Hecht: Tobacco specific N-nitrosamines — Occurrence and bio as says; in N-Nitroso compounds — Occurrence and biological effects, edited by H. Bartsch, I. K. O'Neill, M. Castegnaro and M. Okada, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, IARC Sci. Publ. No. 41, 1982, pp. 309-318.
- 2. Hoffmann, D., S. S. Hecht, A. A. Melikian, N. J. Haley, K. D. Brunnemann, J. D. Adams and E. L. Wynder: Tumorigenic agents in tobacco products and their uptake by chewers, smokers, and non-smokers; Biochem. Mol. Epidemiol. Cancer 1986, 191—204.
- 3. Hoffmann, D., and S. S. Hecht: Tobacco and tobacco smoke (Volatile and tobacco-specific ni-trosamines — general aspects); in Environmental carcinogens — Selected methods of analysis, Vol. 6: N-Nitroso compounds, edited by H. Egan, R. Preussmann, I. K. O'Neill, G. Eisenbrand, B. Spie-gelhalder, H, Bartsch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, IARC Sci. Publ. No. 45, 1983, pp. 63-67.
- 4. Fischer, S., B. Spiegelhalder and R. Preussmann: Tobacco-specific nitros amines in mainstream smoke of West German cigarettes — tar alone is not a sufficient index for the carcinogenic potential of cigarette smoke; Carcinogenesis 10 (1989) 169— 173.
- 5. Hecht, S. S., J. D. Adams and D. Hoffmann: Tobacco-specific nitros amines in tobacco and tobacco smoke; in Environmental carcinogens — Selected methods of analysis, Vol. 6: N-Nitroso compounds, edited by H. Egan, R. Preussmann, I. K. O'Neill, G. Eisenbrand, B. Spiegelhalder, H. Bartsch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, IARC Sci. Publ, No. 45, 1983, pp. 93-101.
- 6. Klus, H., and H. Kuhn: Untersuchungen fiber die nichtfluchtigen N-Nitros amine der Tabakalkaloide; Fachl. Mitt. Austria Tabakwerke No. 16, 1975, 307-317.
- 7. Rühl, C., J. D, Adams and D. Hoffmann: Chemical studies on tobacco smoke, LXVI. Comparative assessment of volatile and tobacco-specific N-ni-trosamines in the smoke of selected cigarettes from the U.S.A., West Germany and France; J. Anal. Toxicol. 4 (1980) 255-259.
- 8. Adams, J. D., K. J. O'Mara-Adams and D. Hoffmann: Toxic and carcinogenic agents in undiluted mainstream smoke and side stream smoke of different types of cigarettes; Carcinogenesis 8 (1987) 729—731.
- 9. Arrendale, R. P., W. J. Chamberlain, O. T. Chor-tyk, J. L. Baker and M. G. Stephenson: Determination of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines by capillary gas chromatography / selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry; Anal. Chem. 58 (1986) 565— 568.
- 10. Hoffmann, D., S. S. Hecht, I. Schmeltz, K. D. Brunnemann and E. L. Wynder: Chemical studies on tobacco smoke, XLIV. New separation techniques for classes of smoke compounds; Recent Adv. Tob. Sci. 1 (1975) 97-122.
- 11. Hoffmann, D., K. D. Brunnemann and K. S. Webb: Volatile nitrosamines in tobacco and mainstream and sidestream smoke and indoor environments; in Environmental carcinogens — Selected methods of analysis, Vol. 6: N-Nitroso compounds, edited by H. Egan, R. Preussmann, I. K. O'Neill, G. Eisenbrand, B. Spiegelhalder, H. Bartsch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, IARC Sci. Publ. No. 45 (1983) 69-83.
- 12. Data received from Forschungsgesellschaft Rauchen und Gesundheit, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany.
- 13. DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V,: Unter-suchung von Tabak und Tabakerzeugnissen — Kli-mate zum Konditionieren und Prufen; DIN 10244, December 1977.
- 14. International Organization for Standardization (ISO): Cigarettes — Routine analytical cigarette-smoking machine — Definitions and standard conditions; ISO 3308, December 1986.
- 15. Hu, M, W., W. E. Bondinell and D. Hoffmann: Chemical studies on tobacco smoke, XXIII. Synthesis of carbon-14 labelled myosmine, nornicotine and N'-nitrosonoraicotine; J. Labelled Compd. 10 (1974) 79-88.
- 16. Hecht, S. S., R. M. Ornaf and D. Hoffmann: Chemical studies on tobacco smoke, XXXIII. N'-Ni-trosonornicotine in tobacco — Analysis of possible contributing factors and biological implications; J, Natl. Cancer Inst. 54 (1975) 1237-1244.
- 17. Druckrey, H., R. Preussmann, S. Ivankovic and D. Schmahl: Organotrope carcinogene Wirkungen bei 65 verschiedenen N-Nitroso-Verbindungen an BD-Ratten; Z. Krebsforsch. 69 (1967) 103-201.
- 18. Spiegelhalder, B., S. J. Kubacki and S. Fischer: A method for the determination of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), nitrate and nitrite in tobacco leaves and processed tobacco; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 14 (1989) 135-144.
- 19. Piade, J. J., and D. Hoffmann: Chemical studies on tobacco smoke, LXVII. Quantitative determination of alkaloids in tobacco by liquid chromatography; J. Liq. Chromatogr. 3 (1980) 1505—1515.
- 20. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon: Tobacco smoking; in IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans, Vol. 38, 1986, p. 95.
- 21. Roper, H.: Chemie und Bildung von N-Nitroso-verbmdungen; in Das Nitrosamin-Problem, edited by R. Preussmann, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1983, pp. 189-211.
- 22. Webb, K. S., and T. A. Gough: Suppression of chemiluminescent detector response toward nitros-amines; J. Chrom. 177 (1979) 349—352.