Electronic Violence among Croatian Youth: Prevalence, Regional Patterns and Prevention through Family– School Partnership
By: Ana Maria Marinac, Andrej Maras and Luka Pongračić
References
- Aftab, P. (2003). Kako prepoznati opasnosti interneta [How to recognize the dangers of the Internet]. Neretva.
- Alika, H. I. (2012). Bullying as a Correlate of Dropout from School among Adolescents in Delta State. Implication for Counselling. Education, 132(3), 523–531. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ991104
- Anderson, T., & Sturm, B. (2007). Cyberbullying: From playground to computer. Young Adult Library Services, 5(2), 24 – 27.
- Baldry, A. C. (2003). Bullying in schools and exposure to domestic violence. Child Abuse Neglect, 27, 713-732. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(03)00114-5
- Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67(2), 3296-3319. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131780
- Barlett, C., & Coyne, S. M. (2014). A meta-analysis of sex differences in cyber-bullying behavior: The moderating role of age. Aggressive Behavior, 40, 474-488. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21555
- Bafjaish, S. (2025). Role of family, school environments, and barriers to reporting behavior: A research proposal on combating cyberbullying through online forum theater. In M. A. Al-Rahmi et al. (Eds.), Cybersecurity and Digital Forensics in Smart Environments (pp. 203–215). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97177-8_12
- Batool, I., Shah, M., Dhawankar, P., & Gonul, S. (2025). Behind the screens: A systematic literature review on barriers and mitigating strategies for combating cyberbullying. Information, 16(4), 263. https://doi.org/10.3390/info16040263
- Beran, T., & Li, Q. (2007). The relationship between Cyberbulling and School Bullying. Journal of Student Wellbeing, 1(2), 15-33. https://doi.org/10.21913/JSW.v1i2.172
- Bilić, V. (2013). Nasilje među vršnjacima: uloga branitelja žrtava, pomoćnika i pristaša počinitelja nasilja te pasivnih promatrača [Violence among peers: the role of defenders of victims, assistants and supporters of perpetrators of violence, and passive observers]. Život i škola: časopis za teoriju i praksu odgoja i obrazovanja, 59(30), 193-209. https://hrcak.srce.hr/131981
- Bilić, V. (2018). Nove perspektive, izazovi i pristupi nasilju među vršnjacima [New perspectives, challenges and approaches to peer violence]. Obrazovni izazovi and Učiteljski fakultet u Zagreb.
- Boel-Studt, S., & Renner, L. M. (2014). Child and family-level correlates of direct and indirect peer victimization among children ages 6-9. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(6), 1051–1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.026
- Bowes, L., Arseneault, L., Maughan, B., Taylor, A., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2009). School, neighborhood, and family factors are associated with children’s bullying involvement: a nationally representative longitudinal study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 48(5), 545-553. DOI: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819cb017
- Bowes, L., Arseneault, L., Maughan, B., Taylor, A., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. (2009). Neighborhood, and Family Factors Are Associated With Children’s Bullying Involvement: A Nationally Representative Longitudinal Study. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 545–553. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819cb017
- Brooks, F., Chester, K., Klemera, E., & Magnusson, J. (2017). Cyberbullying: An analysis of data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey for England. Public Health England.
- Buljan Flander, G. Dugić, S., & Handabaka, I. (2015). Odnos elektroničkog nasilja, samopoštovanja i reoditeljskih čimbenika kod adolescenata [The relationship between electronic violence, self-esteem and parental factors in adolescents]. Klinička psihologija, 8(2), 167-180. https://hrcak.srce.hr/169741
- Buljan Flander, G., Bilić, V., & Karlović, A. (2010). Nasilje među djecom [Violence among children]. Poliklinika za zaštitu djece i mladih grada Zagreba.
- Buljan Flander, G., Brezinšćak, T., & Španić, A. M. (2015). Developing a Critical Mind: Risky Behaviors, Parental Guidance and Cyberbullying on Social Networks. 14th ISPCAN European Regional Conference on Child Abuse and Neglect. Bukurest.
- Buljan Flander, G., Karlović, A., & Ćosić, I. (2020). Cyberbullying among adolescents in Croatia: Gender differences and associations with psychosocial problems. Children and Youth Services Review, 116, 105166.
- Buljan Flander, G., Krmek, M., Borovec, K., & Muhek, R. (2010). Nasilje preko interneta (cyberbullying) [Violence on the Internet]. Poliklinika za zaštitu djece grada Zagreba.
- Calmaestra, J., Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A. J., Mero-Delgado, O., & Solera, E. (2020). Cyberbullying in adolescents from Ecuador and Spain: Prevalence and differences in gender, school year and ethnic-cultural background. Sustainability, 12(11), 4597. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114597
- Calvete, E., Orue, I., Este´vez, A., Villardo´n, L., & Padilla, P. (2010). Cyberbullying in adolescents: Modalities and aggressors’ profile. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 1128 – 1135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.017
- Cassidy, W., Brown, K., & Jackson, M. (2012). ‘Under the radar’: Educators and cyberbullying in schools. School Psychology International, 33(5), 520-532. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034312445245
- Chemnad, K., Aziz, M., Abdelmoneium, A. & et al. Adolescents’ Internet addiction: Does it all begin with their environment?. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health, 17, 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-023-00626-7
- Ciboci, L. (2014). Grupe mržnja na društvenim mrežama – novi oblici nasilja među djecom i mladima [Hate groups on social networks - new forms of violence among children and young people]. Društvo za socijalnu politiku.
- Connell, N. M., Schell-Busey, N. M., Pearce, A. N., & Negro, P. (2014). Badgrlz? Exploring sex differences in cyberbullying behaviors. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 12(3), 209 – 228. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1541204013503889
- DeSmet, A., Aelterman, N., Bastiaensens, S., Van Cleemput, K., Poels, K., Vandebosch, H., Cardon G., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2015). Secondary school educators’ perceptions and practices in handling cyberbullying among adolescents: A cluster analysis. Computers and Education, 88, 192-201.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2015.05.006
- Duggins, S. D., Kuperminc, G. P., Henrich, C. C., Smalls-Glover, C., & Perilla, J. L. (2016). Aggression among adolescent victims of school bullying. Protective roles of family and school connectedness. Psychology of Violence, 6(2), 205-212. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039439
- Đuraković, J. S., Šincek, D., & Tomašić Humer, J. (2014). Presentation of the Cyber Victim and Bullying Scale and the results of its application on Vinkovci high school students. Life and school, 32(60), 61-74. https://hrcak.srce.hr/131208
- Elledge, L. C., Williford, A., Boulton, A. J., DePaolis, K. J., Little, T. D., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Individual and contextual predictors of cyberbullying: The influence of children’s provictim attitudes and teachers’ ability to intervene. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(5), 698-710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9920-x
- ENISA. (2020). Threat Landscape for Digital Education. European Union Agency for Cybersecurity.
- Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2010). Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools. New Media & Society, 12(1), 109 – 125. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809341260
- Ferić, M., & Prpić, M. (2019). Uloga i mogućnosti škole u prevenciji vršnjačkoga nasilja u virtualnom svijetu [Role and opportunities of schools in the prevention of peer violence in virtual world]. Napredak: Časopis za interdisciplinarna istraživanja u odgoju i obrazovanju, 160(3-4), 291-304. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/336140
- Festl, R., Scharkow, M., & Quandt, T. (2013). Peer Influence, Internet use and Cyberbullying. A Comparison of Different Context Effects among German Adolescents. Journal of Children & Media, 7(4), 446–462. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2013.781514
- Figula, E., Margitics, F., Pauwlik, Z., & Szatmári, A. (2011). School bullying: background factors of the victims, bulllies, bully/victims in family socialization. Mentálhigiėnė ės Psichoszomatika, 12(1), 47-72. https://doi.org/10.1556/Mental.12.2011.1.4
- Fonseca, J., & Borges-Tiago, M.T. (2024). Digital Literacy Education and Cyberbullying Combat: Scope and Perspectives. In Kavoura, A., Borges-Tiago, M.T. & Tiago, F. (Eds.), Strategic Innovative Marketing and Tourism. ICSIMAT 2023 (pp. 157-164). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51038-0_18
- Gaffney, H., & Farrington, D. P. (2018). Cyberbullying in the United Kingdom and Ireland. In: A. Baldry, C. Blaya & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), International perspectives on cyberbullying (pp. 101-143). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73263-3_5
- García Fernández, C. M., Romera Félix, E. M., & Ortega Ruiz, R. (2015). Explicative factors of face-toface harassment and cyberbullying in a sample of primary students. Psicothema, 27(4), 347-353.
- Gašić, P. S. (2004). Mere i programi prevencije nasilja u školi [Measures and programs for the prevention of school violence]. Zbornik, 36, 168-187. Beograd: Institut za pedagoška istraživanja.
- Georgiou, S. (2008). Parental style and child bullying and victimization experiences at school. Social Psychology of Education, 11(3), 213–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-007-9048-5
- Gorzig, A., & Olafsson, K. (2013). What makes a bully a cyberbully? Unraveling the characteristics of cyberbullies across twenty-five European countries. Journal of Children and Media, 7(2), 9 – 27. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2012.739756
- Heirman, W., & Walrave, M. (2008). Assessing Concerns and Issues about the Mediation of Technology in Cyberbullying. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 2(2), 1-18.
- Hemphill, S. A., Tollit, M., Kotevski, A., & Heerde, J. A. (2014). Predictors of Traditional and CyberBullying Victimization: A Longitudinal Study of Australian Secondary School Students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(15), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514553636
- Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2012). Cyberbullying: Neither an epidemic nor a rarity? European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(3), 539–543. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2012.706448
- Juvonen, J., & Gross, E. F. (2008). Extending the school grounds?—Bullying experiences in cyberspace. Journal of School health, 78(9), 496-505. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00335.x
- Kaschnitz, S. (2016). Cybermobbing. Pädiatrie & Pädologie, 51(3), 117-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00608-016-0373-9
- Klarin, M. (2004). Uloga socijalne podrške vršnjaka i vršnjačkih odnosa u usamljenosti predadolescenata i adolescenata [The role of peer social support and peer relationships in preadolescent and adolescent loneliness]. Društvena istraživanja: časopis za opća društvena pitanja, 13, 6(74), 1081-1097. UDK: 159.942-053.6.
- Klarin, M., Proroković, A., & Šimić Šašić, S. (2010). Doživljaj prijateljstva i njegovi ponašajni korelati u adolescenata [The experience of friendship and its behavioral correlates in adolescents]. Pedagogijska istraživanja, 7(1), 7-22. UDK 159.922.8:177.63 316.613.42-053.6.
- Kowalski, R. M. (2008). Cyber bullying: Recognizing and treating victim and aggressor. Psychiatric Times, 25(11), 45-45.
- Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073–1137. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035618
- Kuterovac-Jagodić, G., & Keresteš, G. (1997). Perception of parental acceptance-rejection and some personality variables in young adults. Društvena istraživanja, 30-31, 477-491.
- Ladd, G. W., & Ladd, K. B. (1998). Parenting behaviors and parent-child relationships: Correlates of peer victimization in kindergarten? Developmental Psychology, 34, 1450-1458. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.34.6.1450
- Li, Q. (2005). New bottle but old wine: A research of cyberbullying in schools. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(4), 1777-1791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2005.10.005
- Li, Q. (2006). Cyberbulling in schools: A research oh gender differences. School psychology International, 27(2), 157-170. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0143034306064547
- Livazović, G., & Ham, E. (2019). Cyberbullying and emotional distress in adolescents: the importance of family, peers and school. Heliyon, 5(6), e01992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01992
- Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A., & Ólafsson, K. (2011). Risks and safety on the internet: The perspective of European children. EU Kids Online, London School of Economics and Political Science. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33731/
- López-Meneses, E., Sirignano, F. M., Vázquez-Cano, E., & Ramírez-Hurtado, C. (2020). Socioeconomic factors and cyberbullying: A systematic review. Education Sciences, 10(9), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10090238
- Ma, L., Phelps, E., Lerner, J. V., & Lerner, R. M. (2009). The development of academic competence among adolescents who bully and who are bullied. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30(5), 628–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2009.07.006
- Martinjak, D., Korda, M., & Ovčar, I. (2019). Prevalencija i spolne razlike u iskustvu vršnjačkog nasilja u virtualnom svijetu [Prevalence and gender differences in the experience of peer violence in the virtual world]. Napredak, 160(3-4), 221-240.
- Menesini, E., Modena, M., & Tani, F. (2009). Bullying and victimization in adolescence: Concurrent and stable roles and psychological health symptoms. The Journal of genetic psychology, 170(2), 115-134. https://doi.org/10.3200/GNTP.170.2.115-134
- Mesch, G. (2009). Social bonds and Internet pornographic exposure among adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 601 – 618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.06.004
- Mesch, G., & Sasson, H. (2014). Parental mediation, peer norms and risky online behavior among adolescents. Computers in human behavior, 33, 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.025
- Modecki, K. L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A. G., Guerra, N. G., & Runions, K. C. (2014). Bullying Prevalence Across Contexts: A Meta-analysis Measuring Cyber and Traditional Bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(5), 602 – 611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007
- Nee, C., Samsudin, N., Ho, M. C., Ridzuan, M., Ooi, P. B., Mohamad, A., & Scheithauer, H. (2023). The digital defence against cyberbullying: A systematic review of tech-based approaches. Cogent Education, 10, 2288492. 10.1080/2331186X.2023.2288492.
- Nikčević-Milković, A., & Jerković, A. (2016). Učestalost i oblici elektroničkog zlostavljanja učenika viših razreda osnovnoškolske dobi u tri različite školske sredine [Frequency and forms of electronic abuse of upper grade elementary school students in three different school environments]. Školski vjesnik: časopis za pedagogijsku teoriju i praksu, 65(1), 75 – 93.
- OECD. (2019). Trends Shaping Education 2019. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/trends_edu-2019-en
- Olweus, D. (1998). Nasilje među djecom u školi [Violence among children at school]. Školska knjiga.
- Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2015). Measuring cyberbullying: Implications for research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23(2), 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.013
- Pećnik, N., & Tokić, A. (2011). Roditelji i djeca na pragu adolescencije: pogled iz tri kuta, izazovi i podrška [Parents and children on the threshold of adolescence: a view from three angles, challenges and support]. Ministarstvo obitelji, branitelja i međugeneracijske solidarnosti.
- Poliklinika za zaštitu djece i mladih Grada Zagreba. (2018). Istraživanje o elektroničkom nasilju među mladima u Hrvatskoj. Retrived form: https://www.poliklinikadjeca.hr/aktualno/rijec-strucnjaka/elektronicko-nasilje-medu-mladima-u-hrvatskoj/
- Pregrad, J., Tomić Latinac, M., Mikulić, M., & Šeparović, N. (2010). Iskustva i stavovi djece, roditelja i učitelja prema elektroničkim medijima [Experiences and attitudes of children, parents and teachers towards electronic media]. Izvještaj o rezultatima 53 istraživanja provedenih među djecom, učiteljima i roditeljima u sklopu programa prevencije elektroničkog nasilja „Prekini lanac!“. Ured UNICEF za Hrvatsku. http://www.unicef.hr/publikacije/
- Pregrad, J., Tomić Latinac, M., Mikulić, M., & Šeparović, N. (2011). Iskustva i stavovi djece, roditelja i učitelja prema elektroničkim medijima [Experiences and attitudes of children, parents and teachers towards electronic media]. Ured UNICEF-a za Hrvatsku.
- Prpić, I. (2006). Vršnjačko nasilje među djevojčicama [Peer violence among girls]. Ljetopis socijalnog rada, 13(2), 315-330.
- Pytash, K. E., Morgan, D. N., & Batchelor, K. E. (2013). Recognize the signs: Reading young adult literature to address bullying. Voices from the Middle, 20(3), 15-20.
- Rice, E., Petering, R., Rhoades, H., Winetrobe, H., Goldbach, J., Plant, A., Montoya, J., & Kordic, T. (2015). Cyberbullying perpetration and victimization among middle-school students. American Journal of Public Health, 105(3), 66-72. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302393
- Riebel, J., Jäger, R. S., & Fischer, U. C. (2009): Cyberbullying in Germany-an exploration of prevalence, overlapping with real life bullying and coping strategies. Psychology Science Quarterly, 51(3), 298–314.
- Ries, F., Yanes Cabrera, C. M., & Ballesteros Moscosio, M. Á. (2014). The training needs of future secondary education teachers in Spain. International Journal for CrossDisciplinary Subjects in Education, 5(2), 1661-1668.
- Ružić, N. (2011). Zaštita djece na Internetu. Nova prisutnost, 9(1), 155-170.
- Sakellariou, T., Carrol, A., & Houghton, S. (2012.). Pater of cyber victimization and bullying among male Australian primary and high school students. School Psychology International, 33(5), 533-549. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0143034311430374
- Saleem, S., Khan, N. F., & Zafar, S. (2021). Prevalence of cyberbullying victimization among Pakistani Youth. Technology in Society, 65(2), 101577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101577
- Sapouna, M., Wolke, D. (2013). Resilience to bullying victimization: The role of individual, family and peer characteristics. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(11), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.05.009
- Siddiqui, S., & Schultze-Krumbholz, A. (2023). Successful and Emerging Cyberbullying Prevention Programs: A Narrative Review of Seventeen Interventions Applied Worldwide. Societies, 13(9), 212. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13090212
- Silk, J., Morris, A., Kanaya, T., & Steiberg, L. (2003). Psychological control and autonomy granting: opposite ends of a continuum or distinct constructs. Journal of Research and Adolescence, 13(2), 113-128. https://doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.1301004
- Slonje, R., Smith P. K., & Frisen, A. (2012). The nature of cyberbullying, and strategies for prevention. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.024
- Snakenborg, J., Van Acker, R., & Gable, R. A. (2011). Cyberbullying: Prevention and intervention to protect our children and youth. Preventing School Failure. Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 55(2), 88-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/1045988X.2011.539454
- Stanković-Đorđević, M. (2007). Intrageneracijsko nasilje u školi [Intragenerational violence at school]. Pedagoška stvarnost, 9-10, 798-811.
- Stauffer, S., Heath, M. A., Coyne, S. M., & Ferrin, S. (2012). High school teachers’ perceptions of cyberbullying prevention and intervention strategies. Psychology in the Schools, 49(4), 352-367. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21603
- Strabić, N., & Tokić Milaković, A. (2016). Elektroničko nasilje među djecom i njegova usporedba s klasičnim oblicima vršnjačkog nasilja [Electronic violence among children and its comparison with classic forms of peer violence]. Kriminologija i socijalna integracija, 24(2), 166 – 183.
- Šincek, D., Duvnjak, I., & Milić, M. (2017). Correlates of problematic social networking site use in adolescents. Kriminologija i socijalna integracija, 25(2), 29-58.
- Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in human behavior, 26(3), 277-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014
- Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2011). Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying: a systematic and meta-analytic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7(1), 27-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-010-9109-1
- Unicef Hrvatska. (2020). Istraživanje o nasilju među djecom. Retrived from: https://www.unicef.hr/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Istra%C5%BEivanje-o-nasiljume%C4%91u-djecom_WEB.pdf
- Vandebosch, H., Poels, K., & Deboutte, G. (2014). Schools and Cyberbullying: Problem Perception, Current Actions and Future Needs. International Journal of Cyber Society and Education, 7(1), 29-48. https://doi.org/10.7903/ijcse.1149
- Velki, T., & Kuterovac Jagodić, G. (2014). Individualni i kontekstualni činitelji dječjega nasilničkoga ponašanja prema vršnjacima [Individual and contextual factors of children’s violent behavior towards peers]. Ljetopis socijalnog rada, 21(1), 33–64.
- Velki, T., & Ozdanovac, K. (2020). The relationship between traditional and cyber peer violence among Croatian elementary school students. Život i škola: časopis za teoriju i praksu odgoja i obrazovanja, 66(1), 101-117.
- Von Marées, N., & Petermann, F. (2012). Cyberbullying: An increasing challenge for schools. School Psychology International, 33(5), 467-476. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034312445241
- Wachs, S. (2012). Moral disengagement and emotional and social difficulties in bullying and cyberbullying: differences by participant role. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 17(3-4), 347-360. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2012.704318
- Wang, J., Iannotti, R. J., & Nansel, T. R. (2009). School Bullying Among Adolescents in the United States: Physical, Verbal, Relational, and Cyber. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(4), 368–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.021
- Wisniewski, P., & Park, J. K. (2025). Shifting from protection to empowerment: Resilience-based approaches for youth digital well-being and safety. Social Sciences, 14(7), 432. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070432
- Yar, M. (2005). An Assessment in Light of Routine Activity Theory. The Novelty of Cybercrime. European Journal of Criminology, 2(4), 410. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F147737080556056
- Ybarra, M. L., Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2007). Internet prevention messages: Targeting the right online behaviors. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 161(2), 138 – 145. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.161.2.138D
- Ybarra, M., & Mitchel, K. (2004). Youth engaging in online harassment: association with caregiver-child relationship, Internet use and personal characteristics. Journal of Adolescence, 27(2), 319-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.03.007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/crdj-2025-0011 | Journal eISSN: 2718-4978
Language: English
Page range: 63 - 85
Submitted on: Jun 14, 2025
Accepted on: Aug 22, 2025
Published on: Apr 26, 2026
Published by: Međimurje University of Applied Sciences in Čakovec
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Ana Maria Marinac, Andrej Maras, Luka Pongračić, published by Međimurje University of Applied Sciences in Čakovec
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.