References
- 1. Kumar S, Singh R, Malik S, Manne U, Mishra M. Prostate cancer health disparities: An immuno-biological perspective. Cancer Lett. 2018;414:153-65.10.1016/j.canlet.2017.11.011574361929154974
- 2. Saraon P, Drabovich AP, Jarvi KA, Diamandis EP. Mechanisms of androgen-independent prostate cancer. EJIFCC. 2014;25(1):42-54.
- 3. Smith ZL, Eggener SE, Murphy AB. African-American prostate cancer disparities. Curr Urol Rep. 2017;18(10):81.10.1007/s11934-017-0724-528808871
- 4. Evans S, Metcalfe C, Ibrahim F, Persad R, Ben-Shlomo Y. Investigating black-white differences in prostate cancer prognosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer. 2008;123(2):430-5.10.1002/ijc.2350018452170
- 5. Peprah E, Xu H, Tekola-Ayele F, Royal CD. Genome-wide association studies in Africans and African Americans: Expanding the framework of the genomics of human traits and disease. Public Health Genom. 2015;18(1):40-51.10.1159/000367962441847725427668
- 6. Ali-Seyed M, Jantan I, Vijayaraghavan K, Bukhari SN. Betulinic acid: Recent advances in chemical modifications, effective delivery, and molecular mechanisms of a promising anticancer therapy. Chem Biol Drug Des. 2016;87(4):517-36.10.1111/cbdd.1268226535952
- 7. Hordyjewska A, Ostapiuk A, Horecka A, Kurzepa J. Betulin and betulinic acid: triterpenoids derivatives with a powerful biological potential. Phytochem Rev. 2019;18(3):929-51.10.1007/s11101-019-09623-1
- 8. Jäger S, Winkler K, Pfüller U, Scheffler A. Solubility studies of oleanolic acid and betulinic acid in aqueous solutions and plant extracts of Viscum album L. Planta Med. 2007;73(02):157-62.10.1055/s-2007-96710617415876
- 9. Zhao H, Jones CL, Cowins JV. Lipase dissolution and stabilization in ether-functionalized ionic liquids. Green Chem. 2009;11(8):1128-38.10.1039/b905388c
- 10. Yogeeswari P, Sriram D. Betulinic acid and its derivatives: a review on their biological properties. Curr Med Chem. 2005;12(6):657-66.10.2174/092986705320221415790304
- 11. Baglin I, Mitaine-Offer A-C, Nour M, Tan K, Cave C, Lacaille-Dubois M-A. A review of natural and modified betulinic, ursolic and echinocystic acid derivatives as potential antitumor and anti-HIV agents. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2003;3(6):525-39.10.2174/138955703348791712871156
- 12. Suresh C, Zhao H, Gumbs A, Chetty CS, Bose HS. New ionic derivatives of betulinic acid as highly potent anti-cancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2012;22(4):1734-8.10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.102327463722264477
- 13. Lee AS. GRP78 induction in cancer: therapeutic and prognostic implications. Cancer Res. 2007;67(8):3496-9.10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-032517440054
- 14. Kim C, Kim B. Anti-cancer natural products and their bioactive compounds inducing ER stress-mediated apoptosis: A review. Nutrients. 2018;10(8).10.3390/nu10081021611582930081573
- 15. Cai Y, Zheng Y, Gu J, Wang S, Wang N, Yang B, et al. Betulinic acid chemosensitizes breast cancer by triggering ER stress-mediated apoptosis by directly targeting GRP78. Cell Death Dis. 2018;9(6):636.10.1038/s41419-018-0669-8597019629802332
- 16. Horoszewicz JS, Leong SS, Chu TM, Wajsman ZL, Friedman M, Papsidero L, et al. The LNCaP cell line--a new model for studies on human prostatic carcinoma. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1980;37:115-32.
- 17. Stone KR, Mickey DD, Wunderli H, Mickey GH, Paulson DF. Isolation of a human prostate carcinoma cell line (DU 145). Int J Cancer. 1978;21(3):274-81.10.1002/ijc.2910210305631930
- 18. Alimirah F, Chen J, Basrawala Z, Xin H, Choubey D. DU-145 and PC-3 human prostate cancer cell lines express androgen receptor: implications for the androgen receptor functions and regulation. FEBS Lett. 2006;580(9):2294-300.10.1016/j.febslet.2006.03.04116580667
- 19. Kaighn M, Narayan KS, Ohnuki Y, Lechner J, Jones L. Establishment and characterization of a human prostatic carcinoma cell line (PC-3). Investig Urol. 1979;17(1):16-23.
- 20. Koochekpour S, Maresh GA, Katner A, Parker-Johnson K, Lee TJ, Hebert FE, et al. Establishment and characterization of a primary androgen-responsive African-American prostate cancer cell line, E006AA. Prostate. 2004;60(2):141-52.10.1002/pros.2005315162380
- 21. Koochekpour S, Willard SS, Shourideh M, Ali S, Liu C, Azabdaftari G, et al. Establishment and characterization of a highly tumorigenic African American prostate cancer cell line, E006AA-hT. Int J Biol Sci. 2014;10(8):834-45.10.7150/ijbs.9406411519525076860
- 22. Theodore S, Sharp S, Zhou J, Turner T, Li H, Miki J, et al. Establishment and characterization of a pair of non-malignant and malignant tumor derived cell lines from an African American prostate cancer patient. Int J Oncol. 2010;37(6):1477-82.10.3892/ijo_00000800
- 23. Phillips J, Phillips I, Enya B, Zhao H, Nitta T. Effect of betulinic acid and its ionic derivatives on M-MuLV replication. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;500(2):365-9.10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.080609320429660337
- 24. Pozarowska D, Pozarowski P. Benzalkonium chloride (BAK) induces apoptosis or necrosis, but has no major influence on the cell cycle of Jurkat cells. Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2011;49(2):225-30.10.5603/FHC.2011.003121744321
- 25. Choi SM, Roh TH, Lim DS, Kacew S, Kim HS, Lee BM. Risk assessment of benzalkonium chloride in cosmetic products. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2018;21(1):8-23.10.1080/10937404.2017.140855229211634
- 26. Lou H, Li H, Zhang S, Lu H, Chen Q. A review on preparation of betulinic acid and its biological activities. Molecules. 2021;26(18).10.3390/molecules26185583846826334577056
- 27. Jiang W, Li X, Dong S, Zhou W. Betulinic acid in the treatment of tumour diseases: Application and research progress. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;142:111990.10.1016/j.biopha.2021.11199034388528
- 28. Shin J, Lee HJ, Jung DB, Jung JH, Lee HJ, Lee EO, et al. Suppression of STAT3 and HIF-1 alpha mediates anti-angiogenic activity of betulinic acid in hypoxic PC-3 prostate cancer cells. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e21492.10.1371/journal.pone.0021492312334321731766
- 29. Chintharlapalli S, Papineni S, Ramaiah SK, Safe S. Betulinic acid inhibits prostate cancer growth through inhibition of specificity protein transcription factors. Cancer Res. 2007;67(6):2816-23.10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-373517363604
- 30. Shankar E, Zhang A, Franco D, Gupta S. Betulinic acid-mediated apoptosis in human prostate cancer ells involves p53 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) pathways. Molecules. 2017;22(2).10.3390/molecules22020264583205928208611
- 31. Kessler JH, Mullauer FB, de Roo GM, Medema JP. Broad in vitro efficacy of plant-derived betulinic acid against cell lines derived from the most prevalent human cancer types. Cancer Lett. 2007;251(1):132-45.10.1016/j.canlet.2006.11.00317169485
- 32. Rabi T, Shukla S, Gupta S. Betulinic acid suppresses constitutive and TNFalpha-induced NF-kappaB activation and induces apoptosis in human prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells. Mol Carcinog. 2008;47(12):964-73.10.1002/mc.20447286472118444250
- 33. Reiner T, Parrondo R, de Las Pozas A, Palenzuela D, Perez-Stable C. Betulinic acid selectively increases protein degradation and enhances prostate cancer-specific apoptosis: possible role for inhibition of deubiquitinase activity. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56234.10.1371/journal.pone.0056234357042223424652
- 34. Badal S, Aiken W, Morrison B, Valentine H, Bryan S, Gachii A, et al. Disparities in prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates: Solvable or not? Prostate. 2020;80(1):3-16.10.1002/pros.23923837824631702061
- 35. Hu H, Tian M, Ding C, Yu S. The C/EBP Homologous Protein (CHOP) transcription factor functions in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis and microbial infection. Front Immunol. 2018;9:3083.10.3389/fimmu.2018.03083
- 36. Lo WL, Hsu TI, Yang WB, Kao TJ, Wu MH, Huang YN, et al. Betulinic acid-mediated tuning of PERK/CHOP signaling by Sp1 inhibition as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(4).10.3390/cancers12040981
- 37. Miyake H, Hara I, Arakawa S, Kamidono S. Stress protein GRP78 prevents apoptosis induced by calcium ionophore, ionomycin, but not by glycosylation inhibitor, tunicamycin, in human prostate cancer cells. J Cell Biochem. 2000;77(3):396-408.10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(20000601)77:3<396::AID-JCB5>3.0.CO;2-5
- 38. Kim SJ, Quan HY, Jeong KJ, Kim DY, Kim G, Jo HK, et al. Beneficial effect of betulinic acid on hyperglycemia via suppression of hepatic glucose production. J Agric Food Chem. 2014;62(2):434-42.10.1021/jf4030739
- 39. De Saint Jean M, Brignole F, Bringuier AF, Bauchet A, Feldmann G, Baudouin C. Effects of benzalkonium chloride on growth and survival of Chang conjunctival cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40(3):619-30.
- 40. Smukste I, Bhalala O, Persico M, Stockwell BR. Using small molecules to overcome drug resistance induced by a viral oncogene. Cancer Cell. 2006;9(2):133-46.10.1016/j.ccr.2006.01.012