Fig. 1:
Fig. 2:
Fig. 3:
Data collection_
| No | Source | Keywords | Date | Time | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Google Scholar | PPP and Broadband Infrastructure | May 3, 2022 | 18:15 | 15,300 |
| 2 | PPP, Broadband Infrastructure, and Europe | May 3, 2022 | 18:30 | 8,530 | |
| 3 | PPP, Broadband Infrastructure, Africa, Asia, Pacific, and Australia | May 3, 2022 | 19:40 | 1,940 | |
| Total | 25,770 |
Theme and Journal Articles Related to Government Initiatives_
| No | Government initiatives | Journal article |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Legal, regulatory, and reform policies | (Amalia & Budhijanto, 2018; Cordova & Stanley, 2021; Dwyer et al., 2011; Given, 2010; Gyaase & Takyi, 2016; B. E. Howell & Potgieter, 2020; B. Howell & Sadowski, 2018; Li, 2012; Sadowski et al., 2013; Troulos et al., 2010) |
| 2 | Specific policies and plans | (Dwyer et al., 2011; Picot & Wernick, 2007; Kim et al., 2004) |
| 2.1 | National broadband plans and policies for supply and demand | (Dwyer et al., 2011; Frieden, 2005; Gyaase & Takyi, 2016; Kim et al., 2011; International Telecommunication Union, 2016) |
| 2.2 | Policies for supply and demand | (Costa et al., 2010; Gillett et al., 2004; Nucciarelli et al., 2010, 2013) |
| 3 | Policies that support private sector investment | (Irwin, 2003; Qiang, 2010; H. Wang et al., 2019) |
| 3.1 | Government initiatives to encourage private investment | |
| 3.2 | Universal service policy | (Dwyer et al., 2011; Ehrler et al., 2009; Falch & Henten, 2008, 2010; Qiang, 2010) |
| 3.3 | Subsidies as fiscal support | (Bauer, 2011; Cordova & Stanley, 2021; Falch & Henten, 2008; Gillett et al., 2004; B. Howell & Sadowski, 2018; Qiang, 2010) |
Distribution of articles according to journal quality_
| No | Scopus category | Journals (Scopus index categories) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Q1 | Telecommunication Policy (15); Journal of Rural Studies (1); European Journal Business and Management (1); International Public Management Journal (1); Journal of Rural Studies (1); IEEE Communication Magazine (1); International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking (1); Telematics and Informatics (1); Communications & Strategies (2); Government Information Quarterly (1); Computer Law & Security Review (1) |
|
| 2 | Q2 | People, Process and Policy (1); Commonwealth and Comparatives Politics (1); International Journal of Public Administration (1); Development Southern Africa (1); Journal of Infrastructure Systems (1) |
|
| 3 | Q3 | International Journal Management and Network Economics (1); International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research (1); Journal Technology and Management Innovation (1); Information (4); International Journal of Project Organization and Management (1); International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics (1); Observatorio (1) |
|
| 4 | Q4 | Central European Journal of International and Security Studies (1) |
|
| Total | 42 Articles in 26 journals |
Frequency distribution of articles by theme_
| Themes | Years | Total | Total (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 2010 | 2010–2015 | 2016–2021 | |||
| Government initiatives | 3 | 11 | 5 | 19 | 45 |
| PPP framework | 3 | 12 | 1 | 14 | 33.5 |
| PPP implementation | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 9.5 |
| Technology option | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 7.3 |
| Value for money | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4.7 |
| Total | 7 | 24 | 13 | 42 | 100 |
Inclusion and exclusion criteria_
| Parameter of Selection of a Paper | Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria | Rationale for Inclusion–Exclusion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Language | English | Rest of language | The researchers and the preponderance of the readership can readily understand English |
| Year | 2000–2021 | Published before 2000 and after 2021 | Only a few articles were published before 2000, and investigations after 2021 are underway |
| Journal index | Indexed in Scopus and other academic databases | Other indexed articles | Articles must take samples from different citations such that a possibility exists that the same article is listed in various places. Therefore, duplicated articles in other citations must be excluded from the sample. The study uses Scopus as the threshold; therefore, the publications used are only international publications indexed under the Q1–Q4 categories (Scopus), whose validity was obtained through Scimagojr.com |
| Keywords | Keywords that are directly connected to the study. All papers should be added | No exclusion | The main discussion of the articles must be about PPP in broadband infrastructure. The article is only included if one of the three categories is fulfilled. |
| Duplication and completeness | No inclusion | Excluded |
|
| Type of paper | Only papers published in journals | Scientific essays are a thesis or an article not published in a journal (unpublished literature) | Research articles, such as theses or unpublished papers, are excluded |
Distribution of theme_
| No | Theme | Authors | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Government initiatives | (Costa et al., 2010; Dwyer et al., 2011; Falch & Henten, 2008, 2010; Fredebeul-Krein & Knoben, 2010; Gillett et al., 2004; Girth, 2014; Given, 2010; Gyaase & Takyi, 2016; B. Howell & Sadowski, 2018; Li, 2012; Nucciarelli et al., 2010, 2013; Picot & Wernick, 2007; Qiang, 2010; H. Wang et al., 2019) | 19 |
| 2 | PPP framework | (Bembe et al., 2019; Drobot et al., 2010; Ehrler et al., 2009; Falch & Henten, 2010; Fife & Hosman, 2007; Fredebeul-Krein & Knoben, 2010; Ganuza & Viecens, 2011; Gómez-Barroso & Feijóo, 2010; Pant & Hambly Odame, 2017; Schneir & Xiong, 2016; Troulos et al., 2010; Williams et al., 2013; Williams & Falch, 2012; Droste et al., 2012) | 14 |
| 3 | PPP implementation | (Lattemann et al., 2009; Nucciarelli et al., 2010; Pant & Hambly Odame, 2017; Al-Shqairat et al., 2015) | 4 |
| 4 | Technology option | (Gomez-Barquero et al., 2019; Liolis et al., 2018; Neokosmidis et al., 2017) | 3 |
| 5 | Value for money | (Caiyun et al., 2019; Gerli et al., 2020) | 2 |
| Total | 42 |
Final papers included in the sample_
| Identification of New Studies via Databases and Registers | ||
|---|---|---|
| Identification | Records identified:
| Records removed before the screening:
|
| Screening | Record screened (n = 90) | Records excluded (n = 420) |
| Reports sought for retrieval (n = 0) | Reports not retrieved (n = 507) | |
| Reports assessed for eligibility (n = 43) | Reports excluded: unpublished literature (n = literature) (n = 1) | |
| Included | New studies included in the review (n = 42) and reports of new included studies | |