Obesity around Retirement Age: International Comparison Using SHARE

Pertold, Filip

doi:10.2478/cejpp-2019-0010

Figures & Tables

Body mass index and obesity rates in international perspectiveNote: Source SHARE, own computation.

Obesity rates for men and women with low, middle, and high educationNote: Source SHARE, own computation.

Workers: professionals versus othersNote: Source SHARE, own computation.

Pensioners: professionals versus others pre-retirement occupationsNote: Source SHARE, own computation.

j_cejpp-2019-0010_tab_005a_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1b8b4b2Aa

Men, 2015
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6
CZ	0.183^***	0.161^***	0.157^***	0.154^***	0.125^***	0.124^***
	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.021)
EST	0.097^***	0.092^***	0.091^***	0.091^***	0.033	0.033
	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.020)
SVN	0.114^***	0.099^***	0.096^***	0.092^***	0.071^***	0.069^***
	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.021)
DEU	0.089^***	0.090^***	0.086^***	0.085^***	0.058^***	0.058^***
	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.020)
POL	0.115^***	0.094^***	0.082^***	0.083^***	0.042	0.040
	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.026)	(0.026)	(0.026)	(0.026)
ESP	0.039^**	−0.004	−0.008	−0.008	−0.016	−0.018
	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.021)
AUT	0.081^***	0.076^***	0.074^***	0.070^***	0.061^***	0.063^***
	(0.022)	(0.022)	(0.022)	(0.022)	(0.022)	(0.022)
BEL	0.074^***	0.064^***	0.066^***	0.065^***	0.053^***	0.054^***
	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.019)
FRA	0.075^***	0.056^***	0.054^**	0.051^**	0.036^*	0.037^*
	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.021)
SWE	0.026	0.018	0.024	0.023	0.025	0.025
	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.021)
DNK	0.024	0.022	0.024	0.025	0.035^*	0.035^*
	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.021)
ITA	−0.017	−0.055^***	−0.048^**	−0.048^**	−0.061^***	−0.063^***
	(0.019)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.020)
Constant	0.163^***	0.249^***	0.226^***	0.218^***	0.319^***	0.279^***
	(0.016)	(0.019)	(0.023)	(0.024)	(0.027)	(0.067)
Observations	14,274	14,274	13,398	13,398	13,397	13,397
R-squared	0.015	0.022	0.024	0.024	0.040	0.041
Education	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
ISCO	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Retirement	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Health	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
HHsize	No	No	No	No	No	Yes
Age	No	No	No	No	No	Yes

j_cejpp-2019-0010_tab_005b_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1b8b4b3Aa

Women, 2015
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6
CZ	0.198^***	0.172^***	0.164^***	0.157^***	0.128^***	0.126^***
	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.018)
EST	0.219^***	0.242^***	0.227^***	0.226^***	0.150^***	0.149^***
	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.018)	(0.018)
SVN	0.099^***	0.086^***	0.072^***	0.066^***	0.040^**	0.036^**
	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.019)
DEU	0.082^***	0.092^***	0.081^***	0.080^***	0.045^**	0.044^**
	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.018)
POL	0.156^***	0.132^***	0.124^***	0.121^***	0.077^***	0.074^***
	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.022)	(0.022)	(0.022)	(0.022)
ESP	0.059^***	−0.006	−0.020	−0.018	−0.034^*	−0.035^*
	(0.017)	(0.018)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.019)
AUT	0.066^***	0.061^***	0.046^**	0.040^**	0.032^*	0.030
	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.019)
BEL	0.064^***	0.059^***	0.061^***	0.060^***	0.043^**	0.041^**
	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.017)
FRA	0.067^***	0.049^***	0.049^***	0.046^**	0.025	0.022
	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.019)	(0.018)	(0.018)
SWE	0.027	0.043^**	0.044^**	0.042^**	0.035^*	0.035^*
	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.019)
DNK	0.015	0.039^**	0.037^**	0.036^*	0.040^**	0.039^**
	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.018)	(0.018)
ITA	0.004	−0.047^***	−0.056^***	−0.056^***	−0.078^***	−0.080^***
	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.018)	(0.018)
Constant	0.149^***	0.275^***	0.218^***	0.209^***	0.382^***	0.450^***
	(0.014)	(0.016)	(0.023)	(0.023)	(0.026)	(0.060)
Observations	17,931	17,931	16,022	16,022	16,017	16,017
R-squared	0.027	0.047	0.054	0.054	0.081	0.081
Education	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
ISCO	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Retirement	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Health	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
HHsize	No	No	No	No	No	Yes
Age	No	No	No	No	No	Yes

j_cejpp-2019-0010_tab_006a_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1b9b2b1Aa

Men: Explaining trend in the Czech Republic by observable characteristics.
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6
Year 2011	0.052^***	0.056^***	0.057^***	0.052^***	0.051^***	0.051^***
	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.019)
Year 2013	0.058^***	0.067^***	0.068^***	0.060^***	0.054^***	0.053^***
	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.020)
Year 2015	0.102^***	0.111^***	0.108^***	0.097^***	0.087^***	0.085^***
	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.022)
Constant	0.244^***	0.288^***	0.251^***	0.225^***	0.284^***	0.212^*
	(0.016)	(0.030)	(0.044)	(0.044)	(0.047)	(0.115)
Observations	5,231	5,230	5,076	5,076	5,073	5,073
R-squared	0.005	0.011	0.013	0.018	0.038	0.038
Education	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
ISCO	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Retirement	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Health	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
HHsize	No	No	No	No	No	Yes
Age	No	No	No	No	No	Yes

Classification of occupations

ISCO code	Occupation	Occupation group
1	Managers	Professional
2	Professionals	Professional
3	Technicians and Associate Professionals	Professional
4	Clerical Support Workers	Service
5	Service and Sales Workers	Service
6	Skilled Agricultural, Forestry and Fishery Workers	Manual
7	Craft and Related Trades Workers	Manual
8	Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers	Manual
9	Elementary Occupations	Manual
0	Army	n.a.

j_cejpp-2019-0010_tab_006b_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1b9b2b2Aa

Women: Explaining trend in the Czech Republic by observable characteristics.
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6
Year 2011	0.016	0.026	0.026	0.024	0.023	0.020
	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.017)
Year 2013	0.047^***	0.067^***	0.064^***	0.060^***	0.057^***	0.052^***
	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.017)
Year 2015	0.078^***	0.100^***	0.098^***	0.091^***	0.088^***	0.082^***
	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.018)
Constant	0.268^***	0.385^***	0.330^***	0.280^***	0.404^***	0.226^**
	(0.014)	(0.018)	(0.038)	(0.038)	(0.042)	(0.098)
Observations	7,046	7,046	6,865	6,865	6,858	6,858
R-squared	0.004	0.029	0.033	0.039	0.062	0.063
Education	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
ISCO	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Retirement	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Health	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
HHsize	No	No	No	No	No	Yes
Age	No	No	No	No	No	Yes

Categories of adiposity according to BMI (adults)

BMI category	BMI (kg/m²)
Underweight	<18.5
Normal range	≥18.5 and <25
Overweight pre-obese	≥25 and <30
Obese	≥30

International comparison of BMI and obesity rates, pooled sample 2007–2015

Country	Men		Women
Country	BMI (kg/m²)	Obesity rate (%)	BMI (kg/m²)	Obesity rate (%)
AUT	27.6	24.1	26.6	22.7
DEU	27.6	22.9	26.5	21.2
SWE	26.6	16.6	26.1	18.5
ESP	27.5	21.3	26.9	22.2
ITA	26.7	15.3	25.8	16.9
FRA	26.9	20.8	25.8	18.0
DNK	26.8	17.4	25.6	15.5
CHE	26.4	14.7	24.9	14.1
BEL	27.0	21.1	26.1	19.5
CZ	28.3	30.6	27.6	28.6
POL	27.3	26.7	27.6	28.4
SVN	28.0	26.4	27.0	23.0
EST	27.3	24.9	28.3	34.3

Fixed effect regressions: Transition in retirement and BMI

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
	Czech	West	South	North	East
Variables	BMI	BMI	BMI	BMI	BMI
Pension	0.0814	0.0669*	0.142^*	0.00461	0.0504
	(0.0986)	(0.0362)	(0.0829)	(0.0618)	(0.0693)
HHsize	0.149^***	0.00480	0.0532	0.0304	−0.00209
	(0.0563)	(0.0253)	(0.0454)	(0.0478)	(0.0379)
single	−0.350^**	−0.193^***	0.0820	−0.286^**	−0.522^***
	(0.176)	(0.0700)	(0.166)	(0.116)	(0.129)
age
51	0.524	0.0939	−0.118	−0.266	−0.156
	(0.344)	(0.0983)	(0.231)	(0.174)	(0.202)
52	0.630^**	0.222^***	−0.173	0.0236	0.0320
	(0.300)	(0.0811)	(0.195)	(0.153)	(0.174)
53	0.796^**	0.350^***	−0.181	−0.147	0.170
	(0.324)	(0.0919)	(0.217)	(0.165)	(0.179)
54	1.013^***	0.463^***	0.0720	−0.0365	0.333^*
	(0.302)	(0.0845)	(0.199)	(0.155)	(0.176)
55	1.152^***	0.553^***	0.0402	0.0229	0.399^**
	(0.312)	(0.0907)	(0.209)	(0.165)	(0.169)
56	1.374^***	0.610^***	0.0985	0.129	0.551^***
	(0.309)	(0.0885)	(0.202)	(0.159)	(0.178)
57	1.325^***	0.722^***	−0.0650	0.162	0.417^**
	(0.313)	(0.0921)	(0.212)	(0.163)	(0.177)
58	1.464^***	0.740^***	0.0405	0.223	0.621^***
	(0.311)	(0.0909)	(0.206)	(0.161)	(0.177)
59	1.592^***	0.847^***	0.0663	0.208	0.606^***
	(0.316)	(0.0931)	(0.212)	(0.164)	(0.181)
60	1.830^***	0.903^***	0.0447	0.263	0.695^***
	(0.321)	(0.0939)	(0.214)	(0.164)	(0.181)
61	1.928^***	0.949^***	−0.0240	0.443^***	0.862^***
	(0.324)	(0.0962)	(0.218)	(0.167)	(0.187)
62	1.911^***	1.002^***	−0.0680	0.373^**	0.948^***
	(0.329)	(0.0970)	(0.219)	(0.168)	(0.188)
63	2.026^***	1.079^***	0.0528	0.522^***	0.894^***
	(0.332)	(0.0993)	(0.223)	(0.170)	(0.192)
64	2.327^***	1.060^***	−0.0674	0.432^**	0.972^***
	(0.334)	(0.100)	(0.224)	(0.172)	(0.195)
65	2.162^***	1.149^***	0.105	0.392^**	1.053^***
	(0.337)	(0.104)	(0.229)	(0.176)	(0.198)
66	2.461^***	1.152^***	−0.150	0.415^**	0.928^***
	(0.341)	(0.106)	(0.232)	(0.179)	(0.203)
67	2.344^***	1.223^***	0.0937	0.376^**	0.879^***
	(0.343)	(0.107)	(0.237)	(0.181)	(0.207)
68	2.581^***	1.216^***	0.00468	0.337^*	1.125^***
	(0.348)	(0.110)	(0.242)	(0.183)	(0.214)
69	2.540^***	1.203^***	0.0538	0.428^**	0.962^***
	(0.354)	(0.113)	(0.248)	(0.186)	(0.221)
70	2.169^***	1.167^***	0.0706	0.546	1.050^**
	(0.592)	(0.219)	(0.471)	(0.356)	(0.422)
Constant	26.05^***	25.80^***	26.58^***	25.97^***	27.30^***
	(0.334)	(0.110)	(0.243)	(0.197)	(0.201)
Observations	12,277	47,294	19,649	15,887	20,181
R-squared	0.023	0.015	0.002	0.009	0.011
Number of ID	6,416	23,351	10,251	7,804	10,528

Classification of education

ISCED code	Education	Education group
0	Pre-primary education	Low
1	Primary education or first stage of basic education	Low
2	Lower secondary education or second stage of basic education	Low
3	Upper secondary education	Middle
4	Post-secondary non-tertiary education	Middle
5	First stage of tertiary education	High
6	Second stage of tertiary education	High

Descriptive statistics

Variables	Mean	Standard deviation	Min	Max
BMI	26.96	4.68	10	59.48
basic_educ	0.15	0.35	0	1
low_sec	0.17	0.38	0	1
high_sec	0.38	0.48	0	1
college	0.28	0.45	0	1
IscoWhit	0.3	0.46	0	1
IscoBlue	0.33	0.47	0	1
vek	60	5.4	50	69
hhsize	2.29	1.02	1	14
ZdraviCelk	2.99	1.06	-2	5
duchodceS1	0.41	0.49	0	1
male1	0.44	0.49	0	1

Obesity around Retirement Age: International Comparison Using SHARE

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4

Figure 5

j_cejpp-2019-0010_tab_005a_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1b8b4b2Aa

j_cejpp-2019-0010_tab_005b_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1b8b4b3Aa

j_cejpp-2019-0010_tab_006a_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1b9b2b1Aa

Classification of occupations

j_cejpp-2019-0010_tab_006b_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1b9b2b2Aa

Categories of adiposity according to BMI (adults)

International comparison of BMI and obesity rates, pooled sample 2007–2015

Fixed effect regressions: Transition in retirement and BMI

Classification of education

Descriptive statistics

Paradigm

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