Figure 1
Figure A1
Mean values and standard deviations of the scores on 9th-grade test in mathematics (2015)*
| Mean | Sd | |
|---|---|---|
| Austrian partition | 0.180 | 0.904 |
| Prussian partition | −0.072 | 0.980 |
| Russian partition | 0.053 | 1.021 |
| Territories acquired after WWII | −0.163 | 1.020 |
| All territories | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| N | 6,304 |
Results of RDD estimations
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austrian vs Russian | Prussian vs Russian | |||||
| Treatment status | ||||||
| Austrian/Prussian partition | 0.413*** (0.0901) | 0.354*** (0.0866) | 0.135* (0.0524) | 0.0383 (0.0912) | 0.0721 (0.0908) | 0.0194 (0.0468) |
| Running variable | ||||||
| Distance from the border (1) | 0.000190 (0.00265) | 0.00275 (0.00258) | 0.00105 (0.00156) | −0.000896 (0.00265) | 0.00172 (0.00264) | 0.00303* (0.00136) |
| Distance from the border (2) | 0.000346 (0.00192) | −0.00152 (0.00185) | −0.00158 (0.00111) | −0.00165 (0.00213) | −0.00130 (0.00209) | −0.00392*** (0.00108) |
| Characteristics of school community | ||||||
| Percent of boys | −1.237*** (0.246) | −1.279*** (0.236) | −0.0183 (0.144) | −1.200*** (0.314) | −1.250*** (0.309) | 0.0961 (0.161) |
| School size | 0.00483*** (0.000473) | 0.00304*** (0.000491) | −0.00130*** (0.000310) | 0.00170** (0.000560) | 0.00120* (0.000590) | −0.00142*** (0.000308) |
| Percent of dyslectic students | 1.711*** (0.239) | 0.637* (0.248) | −0.332* (0.151) | 0.930** (0.337) | 0.634 (0.337) | 0.0164 (0.174) |
| Municipal level characteristics | ||||||
| Municipal population (log) | 0.0411 (0.0345) | −0.0303 (0.0208) | 0.00476 (0.0339) | −0.105*** (0.0176) | ||
| Percent of families receiving social aid | −1.897* (0.790) | −0.403 (0.477) | −0.485 (0.602) | 0.0362 (0.310) | ||
| Municipal revenues (log) | 0.0622 (0.73) | −0.0778 (−1.51) | 0.0137 (0.102) | −0.0160 (0.0527) | ||
| Percent of degree holders | 2.654*** (0.656) | 0.756 (0.397) | 3.503*** (0.910) | 1.168* (0.471) | ||
| Value-added | ||||||
| Average score in 6th grade | 0.280*** (0.00601) | 0.289*** (0.00518) | ||||
| _cons | −0.0412 (0.146) | −0.957 (0.545) | −5.629*** (0.343) | 0.272 (0.177) | −0.296 (0.657) | −5.686*** (0.352) |
| N | 1245 | 1245 | 1245 | 1138 | 1138 | 1138 |
| R-sq | 0.210 | 0.283 | 0.740 | 0.032 | 0.070 | 0.753 |
Attitudes towards education in Austrian vs_ other partitions_ Results of logit estimation
| (1) | (2) | (3) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High perceived returns to education | Priority to formative education | Trust in educational institutions | |
| Main explanatory variable | |||
| Austrian partition | −0.336* (0.141) | 0.576*** (0.142) | 0.682*** (0.124) |
| Individual & family characteristics | |||
| Living in metropolis | −0.200 (0.185) | −0.139 (0.217) | −0.0120 (0.183) |
| Living in countryside | −0.0845 (0.122) | 0.0960 (0.139) | −0.199 (0.124) |
| Parent's gender (male) | −0.220 (0.172) | 0.411* (0.173) | −0.0103 (0.166) |
| Student's gender (male) | −0.491*** (0.112) | −0.126 (0.127) | 0.0886 (0.111) |
| Living with both parents | 0.0690 (0.168) | −0.198 (0.181) | 0.0628 (0.169) |
| No of children in the family | 0.0613 (0.0405) | −0.0890 (0.0691) | 0.0142 (0.0440) |
| Grade (9th vs 8th) | −0.0895 (0.109) | −0.177 (0.126) | −0.0315 (0.110) |
| Having teachers in the family | 0.543*** (0.127) | −0.309 (0.168) | 0.428** (0.133) |
| Living in the birthplace | −0.268* (0.115) | 0.0138 (0.136) | −0.0871 (0.118) |
| Parental education (vs. primary or basic vocational) | |||
| Mother: General secondary | 0.535** (0.206) | −0.108 (0.233) | −0.284 (0.204) |
| Mother: Secondary vocational | 0.467* (0.186) | 0.207 (0.191) | −0.0587 (0.170) |
| Mother: Bachelor | 1.154*** (0.234) | 0.0411 (0.298) | 0.0562 (0.248) |
| Mother: Master or higher | 0.725*** (0.210) | 0.328 (0.242) | 0.0223 (0.207) |
| Father: General secondary | −0.109 (0.247) | −0.278 (0.299) | −0.104 (0.252) |
| Father: Secondary vocational | 0.237 (0.151) | −0.133 (0.175) | −0.221 (0.156) |
| Father: Bachelor | 0.234 (0.264) | −0.156 (0.336) | −0.673* (0.337) |
| Father: Master or higher | 0.240 (0.193) | −0.151 (0.243) | 0.0421 (0.203) |
| _cons | −1.150** (0.361) | −1.848*** (0.404) | −1.816*** (0.358) |
| N | 2500 | 2500 | 2500 |
Effect of Austrian partition on norms towards education: predicted probability contrast
| (1) | (2) | (3) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High perceived returns to education | Priority to formative education | Trust in educational institutions | |
| Not Austrian partiton | 0.184*** (0.00859) | 0.103*** (0.00687) | 0.141*** (0.00786) |
| Austrian Partition | 0.141*** (0.0146) | 0.169*** (0.0165) | 0.244*** (0.0188) |
| Austrian vs Not Austrian probability contrast | −0.0431* (0.0171) | 0.0659*** (0.0180) | 0.103*** (0.0205) |
Distributions of independent variables by partition_
| Austrian | Prussian | Russian | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Living in metropolis (% yes)*** | 11.11 | 5.97 | 14.73 | 11.6 |
| Living in countryside (% yes)*** | 48.15 | 29.85 | 35.66 | 36.8 |
| Parent's gender (%) | ||||
| Female | 88.52 | 85.97 | 86.43 | 86.76 |
| Male | 11.48 | 14.03 | 13.57 | 13.24 |
| Student's gender (%)* | ||||
| Female | 49.26 | 56.57 | 51.32 | 52.28 |
| Male | 50.74 | 43.43 | 48.68 | 47.72 |
| Living with both parents (% yes)*** | 91.67 | 83.58 | 86.28 | 86.72 |
| No of children in the family (%)* | ||||
| 1 | 36.11 | 33.13 | 40.47 | 37.56 |
| 2 | 44.07 | 47.16 | 41.01 | 43.32 |
| 3 | 14.44 | 14.48 | 14.65 | 14.56 |
| 4 or more | 5.38 | 5.23 | 3.9 | 4.56 |
| Middle school grade (%) | ||||
| 8th | 52.22 | 50.9 | 48.37 | 49.88 |
| 9th | 47.78 | 49.1 | 51.63 | 50.12 |
| Mother's education (%)*** | ||||
| Primary | 1.85 | 2.84 | 3.18 | 2.8 |
| Basic vocational | 20.19 | 31.49 | 21.24 | 23.76 |
| General secondary | 14.07 | 19.7 | 16.67 | 16.92 |
| Secondary vocational | 26.48 | 20.45 | 25.27 | 24.24 |
| Bachelor | 7.78 | 5.37 | 7.83 | 7.16 |
| Master or higher | 29.07 | 19.55 | 25.58 | 24.72 |
| Unspecified | 0.56 | 0.6 | 0.23 | 0.4 |
| Father's education (%)** | ||||
| Primary | 3.52 | 4.18 | 4.89 | 4.4 |
| Basic vocational | 34.26 | 43.58 | 35.66 | 37.48 |
| General secondary | 6.3 | 6.87 | 8.53 | 7.6 |
| Secondary vocational | 33.15 | 24.93 | 26.74 | 27.64 |
| Bachelor | 4.07 | 3.28 | 5.66 | 4.68 |
| Master or higher | 17.41 | 15.67 | 17.05 | 16.76 |
| Unspecified | 1.29 | 1.49 | 1.47 | 1.44 |
| Teacher in the family (% yes)*** | 29.07 | 18.51 | 24.65 | 23.96 |
| Still living in the birthplace (% yes)*** | 71.48 | 60.75 | 62.48 | 63.96 |
| School satisfaction*** | 26.48 | 17.91 | 18.68 | 20.16 |
| Attitude towards partitions*** | 42.78 | 43.13 | 25.81 | 34.12 |
| General trusts variable*** | 33.33 | 29.70 | 23.80 | 27.44 |