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The unobserved economy and the Dutch national accounts after the benchmark revision 2015 Cover

The unobserved economy and the Dutch national accounts after the benchmark revision 2015

Central European Economic Journal
Volume 6 (2019): Issue 53 (January 2019)
By: ,   and    
Open Access
|Dec 2019
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

The ISTAT framework for exhaustiveness.

Fig. 2

Types of inexhaustiveness.

Tab. 1

Proposed estimate for fraud as percentage of total national income, 1920–1938

graphic/j_ceej-2019-0002_tab_001.jpg

[i] Source: Archive Statistics Netherlands.

Tab. 2

Overview of estimates made for exhaustiveness, 2015

TypeProductionIntermediate consumptionValue added
Million euros
House renovations and maintenanceN11,485743742
Car repair and maintenanceN121356157
Food/beverage service activitiesN128049231
Hairdressers and landscapingN156054506
Cleaning homes and other buildingsN11,33701,337
Babysitters and childcareN13160316
OtherN137311362
SubtotalN14,5649133,651
CannabisN24,0531,1372,916
Ecstasy, heroin, cocaine, etc.N268059621
Smuggling cigarettesN211512103
FencingN237337336
Temporary employment mediationN231616300
Illegal copying and illegal gamblingN221835183
ProstitutionN2607214393
Adjustment for double counting–512–421–91
SubtotalN25,8501,0894,761
Own account constructionN320815157
TipsN35670567
Own account energy productionN31760176
Renting of dwellingsN316450114
OtherN31275
SubtotalN31,127208919
Cost fraudN60–763763
SubtotalN60–763763
Income in kindN7a158–4,8695,027
Functional approach of agricultureN8–1,839–1,327–512
VAT gapN90–970970
SubtotalN7a–N9–1,681–7,1665,485
Total9,860–5,71915,579
Fig. 3

The value added of N2 illegal activities.3

Tab. 3

Time series of the contribution of illegal activities (N2) to GDP

BulgariaCyprusCzech RepublicIrelandLatviaPolandRomaniaUnited Kingdom
% of GDP
1995....0.990.64..
1996....1.11...
1997....0.92..0.92
1998....1.59..0.87
1999....1.22..0.82
2000....0.93..0.77
2001....0.88..0.72
2002....0.89..0.68
2003....0.97..0.61
2004....0.91..0.63
2005..0.59.0.870.48.0.62
2006..0.49.0.78..0.71
2007..0.42.0.70.0.460.68
20080.28.0.37.0.73.0.380.62
20090.28.0.38.0.99.0.380.63
20100.210.8.0.731.300.650.470.56
20110.220.5.0.721.110.680.310.55
20120.230.4.0.701.000.780.300.50
20130.270.4.0.72.0.790.28.
20140.25.......
Tab. 4

A tentative estimate of the adjustment for tax evasion, 2015

TypeValue addedShare tax evasionValue added hidden because of tax evasion
Million euros%Million euros
House renovations and maintenanceN1742100742
Car repair and maintenanceN1157100157
Food/beverage service activitiesN1231100231
Hairdressers and landscapingN150650253
Cleaning homes and other buildingsN11,33750669
Babysitters and childcareN131650158
OtherN136250181
TipsN356750283
Renting of dwellingsN31142529
Cost fraudN6763100763
VAT gap (intra-community fraud)N9434100434
Total3,900
Table A1

The contribution of illegal activities to GDP in Europe

Value added of illegal activities as % of GDPSources
Austria20110.15Statistics Austria (2016), p. 307, p. 312a
Belgium20120.45National Bank of Belgium (2017), p. 604a
Bulgaria20100.21Reuters (2016); Presentation by M. Kolev, Sofia, 2016
Croatia1995–2012d0.70Croatian Bureau of Statistics (2014), c
Cyprus20100.80Cystat (2014), b
Czech Republic2009–20100.40Czech Statistical Office (2010), b, (a), (b); Kahoun (2012)
Denmark20120.15Danmarks Statistik (2016), p. 209a
Estonia20100.52Statistics Estonia (2017), a
Finland20120.08Statistics Finland (2016), p. 359a
France20100.28Insee (n.d.), p. 13, p. 277a
Germany20100.34Destatis (2016), p. 359, p. 490, p. 501a
Greece20060.78European Parliament (2016)
Hungary2002–2010e0.97Hungarian Central Statistical Office (2011, b, 2014)
Ireland20100.73Central Statistical Office (2014), c
Italy20110.87ISTAT (2014, 2015), c
Latvia20101.30Annex at Central Statistical Bureau Latvia (2014), c
Lithuania2000–2010d0.30Markelevičius (2011), c
Luxembourg20120.23Weber and Emprou (2014)
Malta20100.33National Statistics Office Malta (2015), pp. 467–470a
Netherlands20150.70
Poland20100.65Statistics Poland (2015), c
Portugal20110.36Statistics Portugal (2017)
Romania20100.47National Institute of Statistics Romenia (n.d.)
Slovakia
Slovenia20100.36Statistični urad Republike Slovenije (2013), c
Spain20100.87Instituto Nacional de Estadística (2014), c
Sweden20110.13Statistics Sweden (2016), p. 392a
United Kingdom20100.56Office for National Statistics (2014a, 2014b)
EU28f20100.51
Norway20080.04Gimming, Halvorsen, Skoglund, and Sørensen (2011), Evensen (2011)

a Inventory ESA 2010.

b Inventory ESA 95.

c Press release.

d Average for the specified period.

e The value added of illicit drugs and prostitution were included at the implementation of ESA 95, base year 2002. Smuggling of tobacco was included at the implementation of ESA 2010. It is assumed that the relative contribution of illicit drugs and prostitution in 2010 is the same as in 2002.

f The weighted average of the member states of the EU, excl. Slovakia; weighted by GDP 2010.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ceej-2019-0002 | Journal eISSN: 2543-6821 | Journal ISSN: 2544-9001
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Language: English
Page range: 1 - 24
Published on: Dec 23, 2019
Published by: Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
national accounts,
illegal activities,
tax evasion,
underground economy
JEL:
E01,
E26
Related subjects:
Business and economics,
Political economics,
Economic theory, systems and structures,
Microeconomics,
Macroeconomics,
Economic policy

© 2019 Brugt Kazemier, Michel van Veen, Sander IJmker, published by Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 6 (2019): Issue 53 (January 2019)
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