Trivial, non-trivial and wise machines: higher-order transformation functions in the case of the Crow tribe and Plenty Coups

This paper explores the possibility of extending Heinz von Foerster’s concept of non-trivial machines to articulate the idea of second-order intelligence, that is, of adaptive change that consists in changing the mode of adaptation. It makes use of the trans-formations undergone by the Crow Tribe during the late 19^th and early 20^th centuries. We develop the concept of “second-order non-trivial machines”, or “wise machines”, that is, machines possessed of higher-order transforming functions that transform lower-order transforming functions (rather than working directly over given in-puts); and of a discriminating function, which decides whether a given output must trigger first, second or third order transforma-tions. We provide a framework to discuss wisdom in the language of cybernetics, and we discuss the particular case of the Crow tribe. This opens the possibility of further discussions on the mechanics of wisdom in individuals and societies.