Abstract
Interoperability issues emerge due to differences in the sizes and expressive powers of ontologies. Although ontologies are expressive, they tend to lack flexibility. Research shows that specialized ontologies are not merely advantageous for a particular domain or goal; they also promote enhanced alignment, though certain ones can be difficult, particularly when handling certain kinds of specialized ontologies or during the integration process. However, due to changes in research, some ontologies are consistently growing, shrinking, or even evolving in their usage. Nonetheless, other specific ontologies are seldom employed. Additionally, we evaluated every category of specialized ontology in terms of its ease of alignment according to our assessment and current literature.