| Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) | Biochar (BC) and Chemical fertilizer |
| Pandy et al., 2016 |
| Biochar derived from black cherry wood (1, 2, and 3%) |
Biochar concentrations of 2% and 3% significantly boosted plant height by 38% and 48%, leaf length by 15 and 24%, leaf number by 15% and 27%, and leaf width by 36% and 50%, respectively. The chlorophyll content, total sugar, flavonoids and soil enzymes activities were increased significantly with 2 and 3% biochar treatments. The biochar treatment of 3% significantly increased root surface area by 47%, root diameter by 37%, and root volume by 45% over the control.
| Jabborova et al., 2021 |
| Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) | Nitrogen compounds (nitrate, ammonium) from biochar-amended soil in comparison to untreated (Control) |
| Losacco et al., 2022 |
| Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) | Century-old biochar |
| Dehkordi et al., 2020 |
| Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) | The biochar was prepared by charring rice hull from Purnnature (Suncheon, Korea) and Yoogi Lnd (Gonchang, Korea) |
| Chun et al., 2022 |
| Chinese ginseng (Panax notoginseng) | Biochar from tobacco stems at the rates of 9.0, 12, 15, and 18 t ha−1 |
Biochar increased soil pH, available K, and P but reduced NH4+-N content. Biochar boosted soil microbial diversity and reduced vanillic acid and syringic acid constituents.
| Zhao et al., 2022 |
| Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) | Biochar application rate (BCAR) at 10 t ha−1 |
| Li et al., 2023c |
| Biochar application rate (BCAR) at 4.0 t ha−1 |
| Karthik et al., 2019 |
| Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) | Sunflower stem biochar (15 t ha−1 biochar) |
| Taheri et al., 2022 |
| Mint (Mentha crispa L.) | The application rate of biochar and modified biochars with H2O2, KOH, and H3PO4 was 25 g kg−1 soil |
| Ghassemi-Golezani, Farhangi-Abriz, 2023 |
| Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) | Microbial biochar formulations (BCMs) and Bacillus subtilis SL-44 |
The combination of biochar and B. subtilis SL-44 increased soil texture, reduced Fusarium wilt, and stimulated radish growth. BCMs treatments showed a significant boost in the abundance of bacterial genera in the rhizosphere soil of radish.
| Chen et al., 2023 |
| Red onion (Allium cepa L.) | Different biochar (BC) ratios (2% and 5% w/w) |
| Peiris et al., 2022 |
| Onion (Allium cepa L.) | Three pyrolyzed biochars cotton sticks, wheat straw and poultry litter |
| Arif et al., 2021 |
| Rice (Oryza sativa L.) | Biochar manures were applied at a rate of 12 Mg ha−1 (dry weight) in a rice paddy |
Compost and biochar significantly reduced net global warming potential (GWP) within rice cropping boundary. Composting and pyrolysis emitted huge amount of greenhouse gas (GHCs) within industrial process boundary.
| Canatoy et al., 2022 |
| Combining 20 t ha−1 of biochar with 25% inorganic fertilizer application rate |
Biochar improves the cost of production in the first cropping season. Residual biochar decreases cost of production in the second cropping season. The greater the quantity of biochar used, the higher the cost of production.
| Danso et al., 2023 |
| Fe-modified and P-rich biochars |
| Yang et al., 2023 |
| P-rich biochar |
| Yang et al., 2023 |
| Fresh and aged holm oak biochar (BH) |
| Lopez-Pineiro et al., 2022 |
| Biochar addition rate at 20 t ha−1 |
Biochar addition significantly reduced YSGE in paddy rice field. Biochar stimulated biodiversity and abundance of methanotrophic microbes. Biochar increased soil pH and aeration by reducing soil bulk density.
| Qin et al., 2016 |
| Soybean (Glycine max L.) | The application of 2% peanut straw biochar (PSB) in polluted soil |
The application of 2%% PSB in polluted soil resulted in significant increases in soybean height (58%), biomass production, root length (44%), shoot length (52%), chlorophyll contents (92%), soybean functional leaves (62%), total soluble sugars (TSS) (71%), and base cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+)
| Kamran et al., 2022 |
| Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) | The optimum biochar concentration at both CO2 levels (420 ppm and 740 ppm) was found to be 15% |
An elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (740 ppm) suppresses sunflower plant reproductive part growth. Biochar decreases the heavy metal accumulation in sunflower roots and seeds. Seeds of sunflower plants grown with safety compliant biochar meet with food safety regulations.
| Wang et al., 2023c |
| Four biochars namely, B1) fast pyrolysis from pine wood, B2) paper-sludge, B3) sewage sludge, B4) derived from grapevine wood. |
Addition of 1.5 t ha−1 biochar did not significantly alter the pH of the soil, its electrical conductivity (EC) or its war holding capacity (WHC). Increasing the amount of biochar to 15 t ha−1 changed those parameters.
| Paneque et al., 2016 |
| Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) | 2% (w/w) bamboo biochar (BB), coconut shell biochar (CB), and maize straw biochar (MSB) |
Biochar could reduce dietary risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wheat grains particularly by improving the abundance of bacteria related to PAHs degradation, promoting the biodegradation of PAHs in the rhizosphere soil, and consequently decreasing PAHs uptake in wheat.
| Wang et al., 2023a |
| 10 t ha−1 and 20 t ha−1 biochar |
| Li et al. 2023b |
| Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) |
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| Qiu et al., 2022 |
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| Abburuzzini et al., 2019 |
