| Antimycobacterial activity | Its flavonoids are responsible for antimycobacterial activity. | Bernardes et al., 2014 |
| Antibacterial activity |
– Its tetrahydroamentoflavone revealed the highest antibacterial activity. – Its bioflavonoids showed inhibition biofilm formation, and activity against planktonic cells. – Linkage of flavonoids and degree of saturation of the C-ring identified due to its antibacterial activity. | Linden et al., 2020 |
| α-phellandrene and α-pinene showed promising antibacterial activity. | Salem et al., 2018 |
| Its essential oil promoted cell damage in all tested bacteria, and promoted the leakage of macromolecules and small ions from bacterial cells. | Dannenberg et al., 2019 |
| Antimicrobial activity | Its bioflavonoids have significant role in the response to microbial infections. | Linden et al., 2020 |
| Antifungal activity | It showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans. | Alves et al., 2013 |
| Antiallergic activity | Its ethyl acetate faction showed antiallergic activity. | Cavalher-Machado et al., 2008 |
| Anticancer activity | It has shown anticancer activity and it was found effective in reducing the number of lung tumor nodules. |
Matsuo et al., 2011 Silva et al., 2019 |
| Antitumor activity | Its extracts showed potential activity against tumor cell lines such as glioma and kidney. | Silva et al., 2017 |
| Antidiabetic activity | Its extract showed antidiabetic activities because of glycosylated flavonols, gallotannins, and gallic acid. | Rocha et al., 2019 |
| Antiinflammatory activity | Its extracts inhibited cytokine, leukocyte migration and chemokine production which makes it suitable for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. |
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| Antihypertensive activity | It has shown antihypertensive activity due to its phenolic components. | Gloria et al., 2017 |
| Antioxidant activity | It has shown high antioxidant potential due to its high tannins, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. |
Sassi et al., 2020 Barreira et al., 2023 |
| Its fruit can be considered as a natural food additive due to its high antioxidant activity. |
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| It is recommended as an alternative to replace synthetic antioxidants in processed food. | Vieira et al., 2023 |
| Its essential oil reduced contents of primary and secondary ingredients of lipoxidation, and the essential oil of ripe fruits showed anti- oxidant activity in cheese. | Dannenberg et al., 2016 |
| Insecticidal activity | Its seed flour is toxic to the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), larval development, as the seeds are rich in proteins such as chitinases, lipoxygenase, glycinin, 7S globulins, and others. | Oliveira et al., 2022 |
| Its essential oil shows high insecticidal activity against Phthorimaea operculella and Spodoptera littoralis. | Ennigrou et al., 2017 |
| Its fruit essential oil can be used for control of castor bean white-fly (Trialeurodes ricini Misra), and sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius). | Hussein et al., 2017 |
| The essential oil of its fruits showed insecitidal activity against Trialeurodes ricini, Bemisia tabaci, Culex pipiens, and Rhyzopertha dominica. |
Manrique et al., 2008 Camaroti et al., 2018 Bernardi et al., 2024 |
| Its essential oil can be used against cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius). | Torre et al., 2024 |
