References
- Allen, F., & Gale, D. (2007). Understanding financial crises. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199251414.001.0001
- Alodayni, S. (2016). Oil prices, credit risks in banking systems, and macro-financial linkages across GCC oil exporters. International Journal of Financial Studies, 4(4), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs4040023
- Arayssi, M., Jizi, M., & Tabaja, H. H. (2020). The impact of board composition on the level of ESG disclosures in GCC countries. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 11(1), 137-161. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-05-2018-0136
- Awdeh, A., El Moussawi, C., & Hamadi, H. (2024). The impact of inflation on bank stability: evidence from the MENA banks. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 17(2), 379-399. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-10-2023-0388
- Barth, J. R., Caprio, G. Jr., & Levine, R. (2008). Bank regulations are changing: for better or worse? Comparative Economic Studies, 50(4), 537-563. https://doi.org/10.1057/ces.2008.33
- Beck, T. (2012). The role of finance in economic development–benefits, risks, and politics (Vol. 2011, pp. 161-203). Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Beck, T., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Levine, R. (2006). Bank concentration, competition, and crises: First results. Journal of banking & finance, 30(5), 1581-1603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2005.05.010
- Ben Barka, H., &, Dardour, A. (2015). Investigating the relationship between director’s profile, board interlocks and corporate social responsibility. Management Decision, 53(3), 553-570. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-12-2013-0655
- Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of econometrics, 87(1), 115-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00009-8
- Boussaada, R., & Karmani, M. (2025). Do corporate social responsibility and green investment enhance bank stability New insights from European banks. International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBGE.2025.10071227
- Carroll, A. B., & Shabana, K. M. (2010). The business case for corporate social responsibility: A review of concepts, research and practice. International journal of management reviews, 12(1), 85-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00275.x
- Čihák, M., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Feyen, E., & Levine, R. (2012). Benchmarking financial systems around the world. World Bank policy research working paper, (6175).
- Claessens, S., & Laeven, L. (2004). What drives bank competition? Some international evidence. Journal of money, credit and banking, 563-583.
- Danisman, G. O., & Tarazi, A. (2020). Financial inclusion and bank stability: Evidence from Europe. The European Journal of Finance, 26(18), 1842-1855. https://doi.org/10.1080/1351847X.2020.1782958
- Demirguc-Kunt, A., & Detragiache, E. (1998). The Determinants of Banking Crises in Developing and Developed Countries. Staff Papers - International Monetary Fund, 45(1), 81. https://doi.org/10.2307/3867330
- Djebali, N., & Zaghdoudi, K. (2017). Bank governance, risk and bank insolvency: Evidence from Tunisian banks. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting, 7(2).
- Eccles, R. G., Ioannou, I., & Serafeim, G. (2014). The impact of corporate sustainability on organizational processes and performance. Management science, 60(11), 2835-2857. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24550546
- Fernando, S., & Lawrence, S. (2014). A theoretical framework for CSR practices: Integrating legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory and institutional theory. Journal of theoretical accounting research, 10(1), 149-178.
- Freeman, R. E. (2010). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139192675
- Gambacorta, L., & Marques-Ibanez, D. (2011). The bank lending channel: lessons from the crisis. Economic policy, 26(66), 135-182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0327.2011.00261.x
- García-Sánchez, I. M., Martínez-Ferrero, J., & García-Meca, E. (2018). Board of directors and CSR in banking: The moderating role of bank regulation and investor protection strength. Australian Accounting Review, 28(3), 428-445. https://doi.org/10.1111/auar.12199
- Ghenimi, A., Chaibi, H., & Omri, M. A. B. (2017). The effects of liquidity risk and credit risk on bank stability: Evidence from the MENA region. Borsa Istanbul Review, 17(4), 238-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2017.05.002
- Goss, A., & Roberts, G. S. (2011). The impact of corporate social responsibility on the cost of bank loans. Journal of banking & finance, 35(7), 1794-1810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2010.12.002
- Hakimi, A., Hamdi, H., & Khemiri, M. A. (2023). Banking in the MENA region: The pro-active role of financial and economic freedom. Journal of Policy Modeling, 45(5), 1058-1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2023.06.003
- Hakimi, A., Saidi, H., & Khemiri, M. A. (2025a). Natural Resource Rent and Bank Stability in the MENA Region: Does Institutional Quality Matter? Risks, 13(6), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks13060101
- Hakimi, A., Saidi, H., & Saidi, S. (2025b). Does institutional quality affect non-performing loans in the MENA countries? A comparative analysis between GCC and Non-GCC countries. PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square, https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6153859/v1
- Haque, F., & Ntim, C. G. (2018). Environmental policy, sustainable development, governance mechanisms and environmental performance. Business Strategy and the Environment, 27(3), 415-435. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2007
- Hansen, L. P. (1982). Large sample properties of generalized method of moments estimators. Econometrica, 50(4), 1029–1054. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912775
- Huljak, I. (2015). Market power and stability of CEE banks. Business Systems Research, 6(2), 74-90. https://doi.org/10.1515/bsrj-2015-0013
- Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of financial economics, 3(4), 305-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X
- Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2011). The worldwide governance indicators: Methodology and analytical issues. Hague journal on the rule of law, 3(2), 220-246. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1876404511200046
- Khan, M., Serafeim, G., & Yoon, A. (2016). Corporate sustainability: First evidence on materiality. The accounting review, 91(6), 1697-1724. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-51383
- Khémiri, W., & Alsulami, F. (2023). Corporate social responsibility disclosure and Islamic bank stability in GCC countries: Do governance practices matter? Cogent Business & Management, 10(3), 2260559. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2260559
- 34. Kervin, J. B. (1992). Methods for business research. HarperCollinsPublishers
- Laeven, L., & Levine, R. (2009). Bank governance, regulation and risk taking. Journal of financial economics, 93(2), 259-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.09.003
- Liao, L., Luo, L., & Tang, Q. (2015). Gender diversity, board independence, environmental committee and greenhouse gas disclosure. The British accounting review, 47(4), 409-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2014.01.002
- Manita, R., Bruna, M. G., Dang, R., & Houanti, L. H. (2018). Board gender diversity and ESG disclosure: evidence from the USA. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 19(2), 206-224. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-01-2017-0024
- Memić, D., & Škaljić-Memić, S. (2013). Performance analysis and benchmarking of commercial banks operating in Bosnia and Herzegovina: a DEA approach. Business Systems Research: International journal of the Society for Advancing Innovation and Research in Economy, 4(2), 17-37. https://doi.org/10.2478/bsrj-2013-0010
- Memić, D. (2015). Banking competition and efficiency: empirical analysis on the Bosnia and Herzegovina using panzar-rosse model. Business Systems Research: International journal of the Society for Advancing Innovation and Research in Economy, 6(1), 72-92. https://doi.org/10.1515/bsrj-2015-0005
- Mercieca, S., Schaeck, K., & Wolfe, S. (2007). Small European banks: Benefits from diversification? Journal of Banking & Finance, 31(7), 1975-1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2007.01.004
- Michelon, G., & Parbonetti, A. (2012). The effect of corporate governance on sustainability disclosure. Journal of management & governance, 16(3), 477-509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-010-9160-3
- Mishkin, F. S. (1999). Financial consolidation: Dangers and opportunities. Journal of Banking & Finance, 23(2-4), 675-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00084-3
- Naciti, V., Cesaroni, F., & Pulejo, L. (2022). Corporate governance and sustainability: A review of the existing literature. Journal of Management and Governance, 26(1), 55-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-020-09554-6
- Ozili, P. K., & Ndah, H. (2024). Impact of financial development on bank profitability. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 40(2), 238-262. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-07-2021-0140
- Pejić Bach, M., Starešinić, B., Omazić, M. A., Aleksić, A., & Seljan, S. (2020). m-Banking quality and bank reputation. Sustainability, 12(10), 4315. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104315
- Pejić Bach, M., Žmuk, B., Kamenjarska, T., Bašić, M., & Morić Milovanović, B. (2023). The economic and sustainability priorities in the United Arab Emirates: conflict exploration. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 17(5), 966–998. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-04-2022-0067
- Pucheta-Martínez, M. C., & Gallego-Álvarez, I. (2019). An international approach of the relationship between board attributes and the disclosure of corporate social responsibility issues. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(3), 612-627. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1707
- Sargan, J. D. (1958). The estimation of economic relationships using instrumental variables. Econometrica, 26(3), 393–415. https://doi.org/10.2307/1907619
- Schinasi, G. J. (2004). Defining financial stability. IMF Working Papers, 04(187), 1. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451859546.001
- Scholtens, B. (2009). Corporate social responsibility in the international banking industry. Journal of business ethics, 86(2), 159-175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9841-x
- Teixeira, A. A., & Queirós, A. S. (2016). Economic growth, human capital and structural change: A dynamic panel data analysis. Research policy, 45(8), 1636-1648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2016.04.006
- Zhou, K. (2014). The effect of income diversification on bank risk: evidence from China. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 50(sup3), 201-213. https://doi.org/10.2753/REE1540-496X5003S312