Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites: Fibers, Matrices, Manufacturing and Applications

Glass fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites (GFRPs) constitute a major class of structural engineering materials owing to their advantageous balance of specific mechanical properties, low density, corrosion resistance, and comparatively low production cost. Their increasing adoption in sectors such as automotive, aerospace, civil infrastructure, marine engineering, and renewable energy reflects the need for lightweight materials capable of delivering reliable mechanical performance under diverse service conditions. This review provides a systematic examination of GFRPs, with emphasis on the interdependence between constituent selection, processing methodology, microstructural development, and macroscopic properties. Particular attention is devoted to the classification of polymer matrix composites, the physicochemical characteristics of glass fibers as reinforcement, and the distinct roles of thermosetting and thermoplastic matrices in governing composite behavior. The analysis also addresses fundamental reinforcement mechanisms, stress-transfer efficiency at the fiber–matrix interface, and the influence of critical manufacturing parameters associated with both conventional and advanced fabrication techniques. Furthermore, the review evaluates the mechanical, thermal, and durability-related performance of GFRPs, highlighting the role of fiber architecture, interfacial adhesion, and microstructural heterogeneity on in-service behavior. Representative application areas are presented to demonstrate the technological relevance and multifunctional potential of these materials.