Table 1.
Structure and some demographic features of the ASD and typically developing children (TDC) cohorts used in this study.
| Demographic | ASD (n=23) | TDC (n=21) |
|---|---|---|
| Sex, M/F | 18 male; 5 female | 17 male; 4 female |
| Mean age/years | 4.76 | 4.57 |
| Age range/years | 3 – 6 | 3 – 6 |
Table 2.
Complete list of biological processes associated with the validated target genes of miR-128-3p.
| Biological Process | Genes |
|---|---|
| GO:0007610~behavior | NLGN3, HRAS, MAOA, TSC2, SCN1A, OXTR, AFF2, KRAS, PAFAH1B1, COMT, GRIK2, KCNMA1, GABRA5, BDNF, AVPR1A, MET, DBH, CHRNA4, PTEN, BCL2, NF1, IL1RAPL1, GRPR, MAP2K1, CACNA1C, RELN, NLGN4X, TBX1, FOXP2, MKKS, AGTR2, CHRNB2, DRD3, DRD4, FEZF2, CHD7, ACSL4, MAPK1 |
| GO:0019226~transmission of nerve impulse | GABRB3, NLGN3, MAOA, DMPK, SCN1A, OXTR, PAFAH1B1, COMT, GRIK2, KCND2, KCNMA1, GABRA5, NTF3, DBH, DMD, NRXN1, CHRNA4, NF1, GAD1, CACNA1E, CACNA1C, PAH, ALDH5A1, TSC1, SLC6A4, CHRNB2, CNTNAP2, DRD3, DRD4, GABRG3, MAPK1 |
| GO:0007611~learning or memory | HRAS, PTEN, NLGN3, NF1, IL1RAPL1, GRPR, CACNA1C, OXTR, AFF2, PAFAH1B1, KRAS, COMT, FOXP2, BDNF, GABRA5, CHRNB2, DRD3, DBH, ACSL4 |
| GO:0007268~synaptic transmission | GABRB3, NLGN3, MAOA, DMPK, OXTR, PAFAH1B1, COMT, GRIK2, KCND2, KCNMA1, GABRA5, NTF3, DBH, DMD, NRXN1, CHRNA4, GAD1, CACNA1E, CACNA1C, PAH, ALDH5A1, SLC6A4, CHRNB2, DRD3, DRD4, GABRG3, MAPK1 |
| GO:0030030~cell projection organization | PTPN11, TSC2, PAFAH1B1, L1CAM, ARX, HOXA1, CYFIP1, OPHN1, CEP290, FGD1, FEZF1, BDNF, NTF3, FOXG1, TBR1, RPGRIP1L, DCX, DMD, NRXN1, PTEN, BCL2, MAP2K1, CACNA1F, RELN, TSC1, MKKS, SEMA5A, CHRNB2, FEZF2 |
| GO:0048666~neuron development | RPE65, PTPN11, PAFAH1B1, L1CAM, HOXA1, ARX, CYFIP1, OPHN1, CEP290, FEZF1, BDNF, NTF3, FOXG1, TBR1, DCX, DMD, NRXN1, PTEN, BCL2, MAP2K1, CACNA1F, RELN, SEMA5A, EN2, CHRNB2, CNTNAP2, FEZF2 |
| GO:0032990~cell part morphogenesis | NRXN1, DMD, BCL2, PTPN11, MAP2K1, PAFAH1B1, CACNA1F, RELN, L1CAM, ARX, HOXA1, MKKS, CYFIP1, SEMA5A, OPHN1, FEZF1, BDNF, CHRNB2, NTF3, FOXG1, RPGRIP1L, TBR1, FEZF2, DCX |
| GO:0050877~neurological system process | GABRB3, HRAS, RPE65, NLGN3, MAOA, DMPK, AFF2, OXTR, SCN1A, KRAS, PAFAH1B1, COMT, GRIK2, KCND2, KCNMA1, GABRA5, BDNF, NTF3, DBH, NRXN1, DMD, CHRNA4, PTEN, NF1, GAD1, IL1RAPL1, CACNA1E, GRPR, CACNA1C, CACNA1F, ALDH7A1, PAH, ALDH5A1, TBX1, FOXP2, MKKS, TSC1, AGTR2, SLC6A4, CHRNB2, CNTNAP2, DRD3, NDP, DRD4, GABRG3, CHD7, ACSL4, MAPK1 |
| GO:0048812~neuron projection morphogenesis | NRXN1, DMD, PTPN11, BCL2, MAP2K1, PAFAH1B1, CACNA1F, RELN, L1CAM, ARX, HOXA1, CYFIP1, SEMA5A, OPHN1, FEZF1, BDNF, CHRNB2, NTF3, FOXG1, TBR1, FEZF2, DCX |
| GO:0030900~forebrain development | NF1, OXTR, PAFAH1B1, RELN, ARX, FOXP2, MKKS, TSC1, ATRX, OTX1, SLC6A4, FEZF1, CHRNB2, PITX1, YWHAE, FOXG1, RPGRIP1L, AVPR1A, FEZF2 |
| GO:0031175~neuron projection development | NRXN1, DMD, PTEN, BCL2, PTPN11, MAP2K1, PAFAH1B1, CACNA1F, RELN, L1CAM, ARX, HOXA1, CYFIP1, SEMA5A, OPHN1, FEZF1, BDNF, CHRNB2, NTF3, FOXG1, TBR1, DCX, FEZF2 |
| GO:0035176~social behavior | NLGN3, TBX1, MKKS, GRPR, OXTR, CHRNB2, DRD3, DRD4, AVPR1A, NLGN4X |
| GO:0007409~axonogenesis | NRXN1, BCL2, PTPN11, PAFAH1B1, CACNA1F, RELN, L1CAM, ARX, HOXA1, CYFIP1, SEMA5A, OPHN1, FEZF1, BDNF, CHRNB2, NTF3, FOXG1, TBR1, FEZF2, DCX |
| GO:0030182~neuron differentiation | RPE65, PTPN11, PAFAH1B1, L1CAM, HOXA1, KCNMA1, ARX, CYFIP1, OPHN1, CEP290, FEZF1, BDNF, NTF3, FOXG1, TBR1, DCX, DMD, NRXN1, PTEN, BCL2, MAP2K1, CACNA1F, RELN, SEMA5A, EN2, CHRNB2, CNTNAP2, FEZF2 |
| GO:0007267~cell-cell signaling | GABRB3, NLGN3, MAOA, DMPK, OXTR, PAFAH1B1, COMT, GRIK2, KCNMA1, KCND2, IGF2, BDNF, GABRA5, NTF3, DBH, DMD, CHRNA4, GAD1, NRXN1, CACNA1E, CACNA1C, PAH, ALDH5A1, SEMA5A, SLC6A4, CHRNB2, RAPGEF4, DRD3, NDP, DRD4, GABRG3, MAPK1 |
| GO:0048667~cell morphogenesis involved in neuron differentiation | NRXN1, BCL2, PTPN11, PAFAH1B1, CACNA1F, RELN, L1CAM, ARX, HOXA1, CYFIP1, SEMA5A, OPHN1, FEZF1, BDNF, CHRNB2, TBR1, FOXG1, NTF3, FEZF2, DCX |
| GO:0000902~cell morphogenesis | NRXN1, BCL2, DMD, MAP2K1, PTPN11, PAFAH1B1, CACNA1F, RELN, L1CAM, ARX, HOXA1, MKKS, CYFIP1, SEMA5A, OPHN1, FEZF1, BDNF, CHRNB2, NTF3, FOXG1, RPGRIP1L, TBR1, FEZF2, DCX |
| GO:0032989~cellular component morphogenesis | PTPN11, PAFAH1B1, L1CAM, HOXA1, ARX, CYFIP1, OPHN1, FEZF1, BDNF, TTN, NTF3, FOXG1, TBR1, RPGRIP1L, DCX, NRXN1, DMD, BCL2, MAP2K1, CACNA1F, RELN, MKKS, SEMA5A, CHRNB2, FEZF2 |
| GO:0000904~cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation | NRXN1, BCL2, PTPN11, PAFAH1B1, CACNA1F, RELN, L1CAM, ARX , HOXA1, CYFIP1, SEMA5A, OPHN1, FEZF1, BDNF, CHRNB2, NTF3, FOXG1, TBR1, FEZF2, DCX |
| GO:0051705~behavioral interaction between organisms | NLGN3, TBX1, MKKS, GRPR, OXTR, CHRNB2, DRD3, DRD4, AVPR1A, NLGN4X |
| GO:0007612~learning | HRAS, NLGN3, FOXP2, NF1, CACNA1C, GABRA5, CHRNB2, KRAS, DRD3, COMT, DBH |
| GO:0044057~regulation of system process | HRAS, NLGN3, PTPN11, DMPK , MAP2K1, CACNA1C, OXTR, KRAS, GRIK2, IGF2, KCNMA1, AGTR2, BDNF, CHRNB2 , NTF4, DRD3, NTF3, DRD4, AVPR1A, DBH |
| GO:0021537~telencephalon development | ARX, FOXP2, NF1, TSC1, MKKS, OXTR, PAFAH1B1, YWHAE, AVPR1A, RPGRIP1L, RELN |
| GO:0007411~axon guidance | NRXN1, L1CAM, RELN, HOXA1, ARX, SEMA5A, OPHN1, BDNF, FEZF1, NTF3, FOXG1, TBR1, FEZF2 |
| GO:0008542~visual learning | HRAS, NLGN3, NF1, CACNA1C, CHRNB2, KRAS, DRD3, DBH |
| GO:0048878~chemical homeostasis | CHRNA4, NLGN3, BCL2, NF1, PTPN11, DMPK, CACNA1E, PRKCB, CACNA1C, OXTR, SCN1A, CACNA1F, GRIK2, IGF2, KCND2, KCNMA1, TSC1, SLC9A6, CHRNB2, NTF3, DRD3, DRD4, AVPR1A, DBH |
| GO:0006928~cell motion | NRXN1, DNAH5, PTEN, MAP2K1, PAFAH1B1, RELN, L1CAM, ARX, HOXA1, TBX1, SEMA5A , OPHN1, FEZF1, BDNF, NTF3Y, YWHAE, FOXG1, TBR1, SATB2, MET, DBH, FEZF2, DCX |
| GO:0042391~regulation of membrane potential | CHRNA4, NLGN3, BCL2, NF1, DMPK, SCN1A, GRIK2, KCND2, KCNMA1, TSC1, CHRNB2, NTF3, DRD4 |
| GO:0007632~visual behavior | HRAS, NLGN3, NF1, CACNA1C, CHRNB2, KRAS, DRD3, DBH |
| GO:0030534~adult behavior | CHRNA4, KCNMA1, CACNA1C, SCN1A, PAFAH1B1, CHRNB2, DRD3, DRD4, MET, DBH, CHD7 |
| GO:0050801~ion homeostasis | CHRNA4, NLGN3, BCL2, NF1, DMPK, PRKCB, CACNA1C, OXTR, SCN1A, CACNA1F, GRIK2, KCND2, KCNMA1, TSC1, SLC9A6, CHRNB2, NTF3 , DRD3, DRD4, AVPR1A |
| GO:0033555~multicellular organismal response to stress | GRIK2, BCL2, BDNF, GABRA5, DRD4, COMT, RELN, DBH |
| GO:0006873~cellular ion homeostasis | CHRNA4, NLGN3, BCL2, NF1, DMPK, PRKCB, CACNA1C, OXTR, SCN1A, CACNA1F, GRIK2, KCND2, KCNMA1, TSC1, CHRNB2, DRD3, NTF3, DRD4, AVPR1A |
| GO:0055082~cellular chemical homeostasis | CHRNA4, NLGN3, BCL2, NF1, DMPK, PRKCB, CACNA1C, OXTR, SCN1A, CACNA1F, GRIK2, KCND2, KCNMA1, TSC1, DRD3, CHRNB2, NTF3, DRD4, AVPR1A |
Figure 1.
Process flowchart. 1) Patient enrolment and blood collection; 2) Total RNA extraction for downstream analyses; 3) MicroRNA Expression Profiling (LC Science); 4) Stem-loop Reverse Transcription of miRNAs; 5) miRNA specific Real-Time qPCR; 6) Data analysis using the SPSS software.
Figure 2.
A box plot diagram showing the miR-128-3p expression profile determined by qRT-PCR in individual ASD and control (TDC) samples. The top of the box indicates the 75th percentile while the bottom corresponds to the 25th percentile. The line in the middle represents the median. Circles and the asterisks represent the outliers.
Figure 3.
Performance of the miR-128-3p prediction model. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of miR-128-3p was conducted to assess its predictive accuracy for ASD. The AUC was calculated to be 0.694. The diagonal lines on the plots represent the random classification accuracy (AUC 0.5).