Table 1
Clinical features of pregnant women with venous thromboembolism (n = 198).
| Clinical Features | Frequency | % |
|---|---|---|
| Deep vein thrombosis | 156 | 78.8 |
| Pulmonary thromoboembolism | 20 | 10.1 |
| Upper limb venous thrombosis | 10 | 5.1 |
| Portal vein thrombosis | 8 | 4.0 |
| Cerebral vein thrombosis | 4 | 2.0 |
Table 2
Risk factors of venous thromboembolism in pregnant women (n = 198).
| Risk Factor | Frequency | % |
|---|---|---|
| Contraceptive use | 67 | 33.80 |
| High body mass index | 25 | 12.60 |
| Termination | 23 | 11.60 |
| Family history | 20 | 10.10 |
| Combined risk factors | 14 | 7.07 |
| Hypertension | 6 | 3.03 |
| Surgery | 3 | 1.52 |
| Renal disease | 2 | 1.01 |
| Immobility | 1 | 0.51 |
| Smoking | 0 | 0.00 |
| Trauma | 0 | 0.00 |
| No known risk factors | 37 | 18.69 |
Table 3
Levels and frequencies of protein C, protein S and antithrombin in the study participants (n = 396).
| Variable Features | VTE Cases Mean ± SD | Controls Mean ± SD | p Value | Status | VTE Cases n (%) | Controls n (%) | OR (95% CI) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protein C | 74.93±40.8 | 97.83±23.75 | 0.0001 | deficient normal | 13 (6.7) 185 (93.4) | 2 (1.01) 196 (99.00) | 6.89 (153–30.95) | 0.012 |
| Protein S | 87.47±25.24 | 102.46±22.73 | 0.0001 | deficient normal | 20 (10.1) 178 (89.9) | 3 (1.50) 195 (98.50) | 7.30 (2.134–24.996) | 0.002 |
| Antithrombin | 80.19±30.33 | 85.46±18.23 | 0.037 | deficient normal | 23 (11.6) 175 (88.4) | 10 (5.10) 188 (94.90) | 2.47 (1.144–5.338) | 0.021 |
[i] VTE: venous thromboembolism; OR (95% CI): odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
Table 4
Frequencies of Factor V Leiden G1691A polymorphism and prothrombin G2021A mutation in all participants (n = 396).
| Status | VTE Cases, n (%) | Controls, n (%) | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FVL G1691A | Homozygous (G/G) | 190 (96.0) | 198 (100.0) | 17.89 (1.026–312.150) | 0.048 |
| Heterozygous (G/A) | 7 (3.5) | 0 (0.0) | 15.70 (0.890–276.880) | 0.060 | |
| Homozygous (A/A) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 3.05 (0.123–75.220) | 0.496 | |
| Prothrombin G20210A | Homozygous (G/G) | 197 (99.5) | 198 (100.0) | 0.332 (0.013–08.191) | 0.499 |
| Heterozygous (G/A) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 3.05 (0.123–75.220) | 0.496 | |
| Homozygous (A/A) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.00 (0.000–0.000) | 0.000 |
[i] FVL G1691A: Factor V Leiden; Homozygous (G/G): homozygous normal genotype; VTE: venous thromboembolism; OR (95% CI): odds ratio (95% confidence interval); Heterozygous (G/A): heterozygous mutant form; Homozygous (A/A): homozygous mutant form.
Table 5
Frequencies of factor V Leiden G1691A polymorphism and protein C, protein S and antithrombin deficiencies in various observed clinical features of pregnant women with venous thromboembolism (n = 198).
| Clinical Features | FVL G1691A, n (%) | PC Deficiency, n (%) | PS Deficiency, n (%) | AT Deficiency, n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deep vein thrombosis | 7/156 (4.49) | 11/156 (7.05) | 16/156 (10.26) | 18/156 (11.54) |
| Pulmonary thromboembolism | 1/20 (5.00) | 1/20 (10.00) | 1/20 (0.50) | 2 (10.00) |
| Upper limb venous thrombosis | 0/10 (0.00) | 0/10 (0.00) | 2/10 (20.00) | 1/10 (10.00) |
| Cerebral vein thrombosis | 0/4 (0.00) | 0/4 (0.00) | 1/4 (25.00) | 1/4 (25.00) |
| Portal vein thrombosis | 0/8 (0.00) | 1/8 (12.50) | 0/8 (0.00) | 1/8 (12.50) |
[i] FVL G1691A: Factor V Leiden; PC: protein C, PS: protein S; AT: antithrombin
Table 6
Correlation of deep vein thrombosis, factor V Leiden G1691A polymorphism, and protein C, protein S and antithrombin deficiencies with risk factors among pregnant women (n = 396).
| Variable Features | Age | Family History | Contraceptives | High BMI | Termination | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| r | p Value | r | p Value | r | p Value | r | p Value | r | p Value | |
| Deep vein thrombosis | −0.122 | 0.015 | 0.054 | 0.286 | 0.189 | 0.000 | 0.042 | 0.047 | 0.274 | 0.000 |
| Factor V Leiden G1691A | −0.033 | 0.517 | 0.024 | 0.635 | 0.111 | 0.027 | −0.047 | 0.352 | −0.047 | 0.325 |
| Protein C deficiency | 0.036 | 0.471 | −0.053 | 0.292 | 0.020 | 0.693 | 0.227 | 0.000 | 0.036 | 0.467 |
| Protein S deficiency | 0.105 | 0.035 | 0.038 | 0.456 | 0.059 | 0.241 | 0.065 | 0.197 | 0.148 | 0.003 |
| Antithrombin deficiency | −0.110 | 0.005 | 0.012 | 0.751 | 0.199 | 0.001 | 0.126 | 0.253 | 0.274 | 0.001 |
[i] BMI: body mass index.