Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Russia’s Containment Strategy during Biden’s Presidency and its Implications for the Baltic States: Old Wine in New Bottles? Cover

Russia’s Containment Strategy during Biden’s Presidency and its Implications for the Baltic States: Old Wine in New Bottles?

Open Access
|Oct 2023

References

  1. Aran, Amnon. “Containment and territorial transnational actors: Israel, Hezbollah and Hamas,” International Affairs, 88: 4 (2012), 835–855.
  2. Beckley, Michael, and Hal Brands. “The Return of Pax Americana?“ Foreign Affairs (2022) // https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russia-fsu/2022-03-14/return-pax-americana‘.
  3. Biden, Joseph R. “Background Press Call by Senior Administration Officials on Russia Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley.“ The American Presidency Project (December 23, 2022) // https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/353953.
  4. Biden, Joseph R. “Remarks at the Munich Security Conference “Special Edition 2021” and an Exchange With Reporters Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley.“ The American Presidency Project (February 19, 2021) // https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/348090.
  5. Biden, Joseph R. “Remarks on Russia’s Actions in Ukraine.“ American Presidency Project (February 22, 2022) // https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-russias-actions-ukraine.
  6. Biden, Joseph R. “Remarks on Russia and Ukraine Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley.“ The American Presidency Project (February 15, 2022) // https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/354488.
  7. Biden, Joseph R. “Remarks on Russia’s Actions in Ukraine Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley.“ The American Presidency Project (February 22, 2022) // https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/354581.
  8. Biden, Joseph R. “Remarks on Russia’s Attack on Ukraine and an Exchange With Reporters Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley.“ The American Presidency Project (February 24, 2022) // https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/354595.
  9. Bjola, Corneliu, and James Pamment, “Digital containment: Revisiting containment strategy in the digital age.” Global Affairs, (2016) // DOI: 10.1080/23340460.2016.1182244.
  10. Blackwill, Robert D., and Philip H. Gordon. “Containing Russia, Again: An Adversary Attacked the United States—It’s Time to Respond.” Foreign Affairs (January 2018) // https://www.cfr.org/article/containing-russia-again-adversary-attacked-united-states-its-time-respond.
  11. Bobo Lo. “An Accident Waiting to Happen: Trump, Putin and the US–Russia Relationship.” Lowy Institute, October 25 (2017) // https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/accident-waiting-happen-trump-putin-and-us-russia-relationship.
  12. Boot, Max. “Why the U.S. Ramped Up Its Information War With Russia.” Council on Foreign Relations (February 10, 2022) // https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/whyus-ramped-its-information-war-russia.
  13. Bose, Nandita. “Analysis: How the Biden White House is fighting Russian disinformation.” Reuters (March 4, 2022) //
  14. https://www.reuters.com/world/how-biden-white-house-is-fighting-russian-dis-information-2022-03-04/.
  15. CRS, “NATO’s 2023 Vilnius Summit Report.” (July 20, 2023) // https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IN/IN12192.
  16. Daalder, Ivo. “The best answer to Russian aggression is containment.” Financial Times, October 16 (2016) // https://www.ft.com/content/258cffe0-9171-11e6-8df8-d3778b55a923.
  17. Daalder, IVO H. “The Return of Containment.“ Foreign Affairs (2022) // https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/ukraine/2022-03-01/return-containment.
  18. Dunaway, Johanna L., and Doris A. Graber, Mass Media and American Politics. Sage, 2023.
  19. Gaddis, John Lewis. Strategies of Containment. Oxford University Press, 2005.
  20. Hirsh, Michael. “Is Cold War Inevitable?“ Foreign Policy (2023) // https://foreign-policy.com/2023/01/23/cold-war-george-kennan-diplomacy-containment-united-states-china-soviet-union/; Jeffrey Mankoff, “Russia in the Era of Great Power Competition,“ The Washington Quarterly, 44:3 (2021), 107-125, DOI: 10.1080/0163660X.2021.1970905.
  21. Gvosdev, Nikolas K. “Is Russia Sabotaging Democracy in the West?“ Orbis, Volume 63, Issue 3 (2019) // https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2019.05.010.
  22. Haass, Richard. A World in Disarray. Penguin Books, 2018.
  23. Harris, Kamala. “Remarks by the Vice President at the Munich Security Conference in Munich, Germany Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley.“ The American Presidency Project (February 19, 2022) // https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/354517.
  24. Herberg-Rothe, Andreas. “New Containment Policy A Grand Strategy for the Twenty-first Century?” The RUSI Journal, 153:2, 50-54 // DOI: 10.1080/03071840802103272.
  25. Hirsh, Michael. “Is Cold War Inevitable?“ Foreign Affairs (2023) // https://foreign-policy.com/2023/01/23/cold-war-george-kennan-diplomacy-containment-united-states-china-soviet-union/.
  26. Hove, Mediel. “The Emergence of the New Cold War: The Syrian and Ukraine Conflicts.” Jadavpur Journal of International Relations, Volume: 20 issue: 2 (2017) // https://doi.org/10.1177/0973598416680432.
  27. Iatrides, John O. “George F. Kennan and the Birth of Containment: The Greek Test Case.” World Policy Journal, Vol. 22, No. 3 (2005) // https://www.jstor.org/stable/40209983.
  28. Jakstaite, Gerda. “Containment and Engagement as Middle-Range Theories.” Baltic Journal of Law and Politics, Vol. 3, n. 2. (2010) // DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10076-010-0015-7.
  29. Kennan, George. “The Long Telegram.” February 22, 1946 // https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//coldwar/documents/episode-1/kennan.htm
  30. Kennan, George. Memoirs. Atlantic Little, Brown, Boston, 1972.
  31. Konyshev, Valery, and Alexander Sergunin. “Russian Military Strategies in the High North.“ In: Heininen, L., eds. Security and Sovereignty in the North Atlantic. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137470720_6.
  32. Krickovic, Andrej. “Imperial nostalgia or prudent geopolitics? Russia’s efforts to reintegrate the post-Soviet space in geopolitical perspective.“ Post-Soviet Affairs, 30:6 (2014): 503-528 // DOI: 10.1080/1060586X.2014.900975.
  33. Kudors, Andis. Russia and Latvia: A Case of Sharp Power. Routledge: 2023.
  34. Larson, Deborah Welch. “The Return of Containment.” Foreign Policy (January 2021) // https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/15/containment-russia-china-kennan-today/.
  35. Legvold, Robert. Return to Cold war. Polity, 2016.
  36. Legvold, Robert. “The Russia File: How to Move Toward a Strategic Partnership.” Foreign Affairs 88, no. 4 (2009): 78–93 // http://www.jstor.org/stable/20699623.
  37. Logevall, Fredrik. “The Ghosts of Kennan.“ Foreign Affairs (2022) // https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/ghosts-george-kennan-lessons-cold-war.
  38. Mandelbaum, Michael. “The New Containment.“ Foreign Affairs (2019) // https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora98&div=40&id=&page=.
  39. Masters, Jonathan. “Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia.” Council on Foreign Relations (2023) // https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/ukraine-conflict-crossroads-europe-and-russia.
  40. McFaul, Michael. “How Biden Should Deal With Putin.“ Foreign Affairs (2021) // https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russia-fsu/2021-06-14/how-biden-should-deal-putin.
  41. McFaul, Michael. “How to Contain Putin’s Russia.“ Foreign Affairs (2021) // https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/ukraine/2021-01-19/how-contain-putins-russia.
  42. McFaul, Michael. “Russia as It is. A Grand Strategy for Confronting Putin.” Foreign Affairs July/August Issue (2018) // https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russia-fsu/2018-06-14/russia-it.
  43. Mix, Derek E.“ Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania: Background and U.S.-Baltic Relations.“ CRS (September 29, 2022) // https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46139.
  44. Morgenthau, Hans. Politics Among Nations. McGraw-Hill Education, 2005.
  45. Morin, Jean-Frederic, and Jonathan Paquin. Foreign Policy Analysis: A Toolbox. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).
  46. Norrlof, Carla. “The New Economic Containment.“ Foreign Affairs (2022) // https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/ukraine/2022-03-18/new-economic-containment.
  47. Pickett, William B. “New Look or Containment? George F. Kennan and the Making of Republican National Security Strategy.” The Princeton University Library Chronicle, Vol. 66, No. 2 (2005) // https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.66.2.0303.
  48. Powers, Richard. 1971. “Who fathered containment?” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 4. (1971) // DOI: 10.2307/3013581.
  49. Psaki, Jen. “Press Briefing by Press Secretary Jen Psaki and National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,“ The American Presidency Project (January 13, 2022) // https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/354104.
  50. Rehman, Iskander. “Keeping the Dragon at Bay: India’s Counter-Containment of China in Asia.“ Asian Security, 5:2, 114-143 // DOI: 10.1080/14799850902885114.
  51. Rivera, David W. “Engagement, Containment, and the International Politics of Eurasia.” Political Science Quarterly Vol. 118, No. 1 (2003) // http://www.jstor.org/stable/30035823.
  52. Rosenau, James, and G. H. Ramsey. External and Internal Types of Foreign Policy Behavior. Sage International Yearbook of Foreign Policy Studies, 1975.
  53. Sakwa, Richard. “External Actors in EU-Russia Relations: Between Norms and Space.” In: Cristian Nitoiu, ed. Avoiding a New ‘Cold War: The Future of EU-Russia Relations in the Context of the Ukraine Crisis. Dahrendorf Forum, 2016.
  54. Sarotte, M. E. “Containment Beyond the Cold War.“ Foreign Affairs (2021) // https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russia-fsu/2021-10-19/containment-beyond-cold-war.
  55. Schrodt, Phil. “Event Data in Foreign Policy Analysis.” In: Neack, Laura, Hey, Jean, and Patrick Jude Haney, Foreign Policy Analysis: Continuity and Change in its Second Generation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1994.
  56. Sestanovich, Stephen. Maximalist. Vintage Books, 2014.
  57. Sestanovich, Stephen. “What’s Next for Russia’s Relations with the West?” Interview by Jonathan Masters. Council on Foreign Relations (March 27, 2018) // https://www.cfr.org/interview/whats-next-russias-relations-west.
  58. Snyder, Richard, Chollet, Derek, and Valerie Hudson. Foreign Policy Decision Making. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
  59. Starr, Adam C. “The United States’ (Mis)interpretation of Containment Theory.” Foreign Policy Journal (March 16, 2013) // https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2013/03/16/the-united-states-misinterpretation-of-containment-theory/.
  60. Stent, Angela. Putin’s World: Russia Against the West and with the Rest. Twelve: 2019.
  61. Stent, Angela E. The Limits of Partnership: U.S.-Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century. Princeton University Press, 2014.
  62. Tellis, Ashley J. “Balancing without Containment: A U.S. Strategy for Confronting China’s Rise.“ The Washington Quarterly, 36:4, 109-124 // DOI: 10.1080/01636 60X.2013.861717.
  63. The White House, “Fact Sheet: The Biden-Harris Administration’s Abiding Commitment to Democratic Renewal at Home and Abroad,” (March 29, 2023) // https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/03/29/fact-sheet-the-biden-harris-administrations-abiding-commitment-to-democratic-renewal-at-home-and-abroad/.
  64. The White House, “Fact Sheet: U.S. Diplomatic Engagement with European Allies and Partners Ahead of Talks with Russia,” (January 10, 2022) // https://www.white-house.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/01/10/fact-sheet-u-s-diplomatic-engagement-with-european-allies-and-partners-ahead-of-talks-with-russia/.
  65. The White House, “National Security Strategy,“ (October 2022) // https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf.
  66. The White House, “Remarks by President Biden on Russia’s Unprovoked and Unjustified Attack on Ukraine.“ (February 24, 2022) // https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/02/24/remarks-by-president-bidenon-russias-unprovoked-and-unjustified-attack-on-ukraine/.
  67. Trenin, Dmitri.“Avoiding U.S.-Russia Military Escalation During the Hybrid War,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (January 2018) // https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Trenin_Hybrid_War_web.pdf.
  68. Trenin, Dmitri. “Highs and Lows: Russia’s Foreign Policy at the start of 2018.” Carnegie Moscow Center, (February 2018) // https://carnegie.ru/commentary/75425.
  69. Trenin, Dmitri. “The Revival of the Russian Military: How Moscow Reloaded.” Foreign Affairs 95, no. 3 (2016): 23–29 // http://www.jstor.org/stable/43946854.
  70. Tsygankov, Andrei. Russia’s Foreign Policy: Change and Continuity in National Identity. Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc, 2013.
  71. Veebel, Viljar, and Zdzisław Sliwa. “The Suwalki Gap, Kaliningrad and Russia’s Baltic Ambitions.“ Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 2(1) (2019): p.111–121 // DOI: https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.21.
  72. Vindman, Alexander. “Stop Tiptoeing Around Russia.” Foreign Affairs (2022) // https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/stop-tiptoeing-around-russia.
  73. Walker, Christopher. “What Is “Sharp Power“?“ Journal of Democracy, Vol. 29 (2018) // https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jnlodmcy29&div=47&id=&page=.
  74. Walker, Christopher. “The New Containment: Undermining Democracy.” World Affairs (June 2015) // https://www.jstor.org/stable/43555281.
  75. Wilson, Jeanne L. “Soft Power: A Comparison of Discourse and Practice in Russia and China.“ Europe-Asia Studies, 67:8 (2015), 1171-1202 // DOI: 10.1080/096 68136.2015.1078108.
  76. Whitmore, Brian. “Can Containment Work Against Modern Russia?” The Atlantic, October 16 (2015) // https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/10/russia-containment-putin-soviet/410968/.
  77. Zakaria, Fareed. “The Reagan Strategy of Containment.” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 105, No. 3 // https://www.jstor.org/stable/2150823.
Language: English
Page range: 122 - 147
Submitted on: Aug 28, 2023
Accepted on: Oct 2, 2023
Published on: Oct 26, 2023
Published by: Faculty of Political Science and Diplomacy and the Faculty of Law of Vytautas Magnus University (Lithuania)
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

© 2023 Gerda Jakštaitė-Confortola, published by Faculty of Political Science and Diplomacy and the Faculty of Law of Vytautas Magnus University (Lithuania)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.