References
- 1. Åland Islands’ Government. “Policy for the Åland Islands’ demilitarisation and neutralization.” 2015.
- 2. Åland Islands’ Government. “Guidelines for requesting assistance of state authorities” (Riktlinjer för begäran om handräckning av riksmyndigheter). ÅLR 2017/7701. 15 November 2017 // https://www.regeringen.ax/sites/www.regeringen.ax/files/attachments/protocol/nr82-2017-enskild-rk1a.pdf.
- 3. “Åland Delegation Opinion.” Helsingfors/Mariehamn Nr. 24/17 (12 May 2017).
- 4. “Åland Islands’ Government’s Report on Issues related to the Autonomy to the Ålandic Parliament.” 8 March 2018 // https://www.lagtinget.ax/arenden/RS%201%7C2017-2018/redogorelse-fran-alands-landskapsregering-rs-1-2017-2018-48020.
- 5. Björkholm, Mikaela, and Allan Rosas. Ålandsöarnas demilitarisering och neutralisering (The demilitarisation and neutralisation of the Åland Islands). Åbo: Åbo Akademis förlag, 1990.
- 6. Brenner, Susan W., and Leo L. Clarke. “Civilians in Cyberwarfare: Conscripts.” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law Vol. 43 (2010): 1011–1076.
- 7. Brownlie, Ian. Principles of Public International Law. 6th edition. Oxford: OUP, 2003.
- 8. Bueger, Christian. “What is maritime security?” Marine Policy Vol. 53 (2015): 159–164.
- 9. Burke, William T. The new International Law of Fisheries: UNCLOS 1982 and beyond. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
- 10. Buzan, Barry. People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cld War Era. 2nd ed. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991.
- 11. Castrén, Erik. Ahvenanmaan linnoittamattomuus ja neutralisointi, LM. 1939.
- 12. Corn, Geoffrey S. “Autonomous weapons systems: managing the inevitability of ‘taking the man out of the loop’”: 209–242. In: Nehal Bhuta, Susanne Beck, Robin Geiss, Hin-Yan Liu, and Claus Kress, eds. Autonomous Weapons Systems: Law, Ethics, Policy. Cambridge University Press, 2016.
- 13. Eriksson, Susanne. “Åland – demilitariserat och neutraliserat område”: 9-35. In: Susanne Eriksson, Lars Ingmar Johansson, and Barbro Sundback, eds. Fredens öar. Ålands självstyrelse, demilitarisering och neutralisering. Mariehamn: Ålands fredsinstitut, 2006.
- 14. European Union. “European Union Maritime Security Strategy (EUMSS).” 11205/14, adopted on 24 June 2014.
- 15. European Union. “European Union Maritime Security Strategy (EUMSS) Action Plan (17002/14).” Adopted on 16 December 2014, revised on 26 June 2018 in doc. 10494/18.
- 16. Fagerlund, Niklas. Innebörden av uttrycket ’temporärt förankra i de till öarna hörande vatten’ i artikel 4 st. 2b i Ålandskonventionen. Mariehamn: Åländsk utredningsserie, 1994.
- 17. “Finnish contribution to the first EU Commission implementation report regarding the Action Plan for the EU Maritime Security Strategy.” Received in personal communication with the Finnish Foreign Ministry 18 May 2018.
- 18. Finnish Government Communications Department. “Press Release 258/2016.” 15 June 2016 // https://valtioneuvosto.fi/sv/artikeln/-/asset_publisher/10616/suomi-jaranska-eu-n-yhteista-turvallisuus-ja-puolustuspolitiikkaakehitettava?_101_INSTANCE_LZ3RQQ4vvWXR_languageId=en_US.
- 19. Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. “Press Release 69/2015.” 3 March 2015.
- 20. Finnish Ministry of Defence, in collaboration with the Finnish Ministry of Justice. “Report HARE PLM001:00/2014.” 17 April 2015.
- 21. Finnish Ministry of the Interior. “Press Release 11.12.2008 ‘Gränsbevakningsväsendet får ökade befogenheter i brottsbekämpning’ (The Border Guard is trusted with increased crime combating powers)” // https://www.raja.fi/sv/information/meddelandena/meddelandena_gbvs/1/0/gransbevakningsvasendet_far_okade_befogenheter_i_brottsbekampning_21550.
- 22. Finnish Ministry of the Interior. “Press Release 40/2017 ‘Lagstiftningen om brottsbekämpning inom Gränsbevakningsväsendet förtydligas’ (The legislation converning the Border Guard is clarified)” // https://intermin.fi/sv/artikkeli/-/asset_publisher/rajavartiolaitoksenrikostorjuntaa-koskevaa-lainsaadantoa-selkeytetaan.
- 23. Finnish Ministry of the Interior. “Press Release 8/2018 ‘Powers of the Finnish Border Guard to intervene in hybrid threats to be strengthened’” // https://intermin.fi/en/article/-/asset_publisher/rajavartiolaitoksen-valtuuksiapuuttua-hybridiuhkiin-on-tarkoitus-lisata.
- 24. Finnish Ministry of Justice. “Development of the autonomy of Åland: Final report of the Åland Committee.” 2013, 33/2017.
- 25. Finnish Ministry of Transport and Communications. “Maritime Transport Strategy for Finland 2014–2022” // https://www.lvm.fi/documents/20181/797516/Julkaisuja+24-2014/fc6c8d9fc4eb-4a2f-bb7f-f9b4667b8b7e?version=1.0.
- 26. Flack, Dieter. “Individual and State responsibility for Intelligence Gathering.” Michigan Journal of International Law 28 (2007): 687–709.
- 27. Franckx, Erik. “The 200-mile Limit: Between Creeping Jurisdiction and Creeping Common Heritage?” George Washington International Law Review 39 (2007): 467–498.
- 28. Goldblat, Jozef, ed. Maritime Security: The Building of Confidence UNIDIR. New York: United Nations, 1992.
- 29. Guilfoyle, Douglas. “Maritime Law Enforcement Operations and Intelligence in an Age of Maritime Security.” International Law Studies 93 (2017): 297–321.
- 30. Gustafsson, Åsa. “The Baltic Sea Region Border Control Cooperation (BSRBCC) and border management in the Baltic Sea region: A case study.” Marine Policy 98 (2018): 309–316.
- 31. Hannikainen, Lauri. “The Continued Validity of the Demilitarised and Neutralised Status of the Aland Islands.” Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht 54 (1994): 614–651.
- 32. Hannikainen, Lauri. “The International Legal Basis of the Autonomy and the Swedish Character of the Åland Islands”: 57–83. In: Lauri Hannikainen and Frank Horn, eds. Autonomy and Demilitarisation in International Law. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1997.
- 33. Holmen Solvik, Bård. The Norwegian Coast Guard Model Strengthening Norwegian Seapower or unfortunate militarization of Norwegian jurisdiction? Master thesis. University of Oslo, Department of Political Science, 2014.
- 34. Huisken, Ron. “The QDR: A future of Hybrid Warfare.” ASPI Policy Analysis 55 (2010): 1–3.
- 35. International Organization of Migration (IOM). “Global Compact Thematic Paper: Border Management.” 2017 // https://www.iom.int/iom-thematic-papers.
- 36. Jacobsson, Marie. “Maritime Security: An Individual or Collective Responsibility?”: 391–416. In: Jarna Petman and Jan Klabbers, eds. Nordic Cosmopolitanism: Essays in International Law for Martti Koskenniemi. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2003.
- 37. Kaye, Stuart. “Freedom of Navigation in a Post 9/11 World: Security and Creeping Jurisdiction”: 347–364. In: David Freestone, Richard Barnes, and David M. Ong, eds., The Law of the Sea: Progress and Prospects. Oxford: OUP, 2006.
- 38. Klein, Natalie. Maritime Security and the Law of the Sea. Oxford: OUP, 2011.
- 39. Klein, Natalie, Joanna Mossop, and Donald R. Rothwell. “Australia, New Zealand and Maritime Security”: 1–21. In: Natalie Klein, Joanna Mossop, and Donald R. Rothwell, eds. Maritime Security: International Law and Policy Perspectives from Australia and New Zealand. Oxford: Routledge, 2010.
- 40. Kraska, James, and Raul Pedrozo. International Maritime Security Law. Leiden & Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 2013.
- 41. Kwiatkowska, Barbara. “Creeping Jurisdiction Beyond 200 Miles in Light of the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention and State Practice.” Ocean Development and International Law 22 (1991): 153–187.
- 42. Lundqvist, Stefan. Continuity and Change in post-Cold War Maritime Security: A Study of the Strategies Pursued by the US, Sweden and Finland 1991-2016. Åbo: Åbo Akademis Press, 2017.
- 43. Nordquist, Myron H., et al., eds. Legal Challenges in Maritime Security. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2008.
- 44. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). “Alliance Maritime Strategy.” 2011 // https://www.nato.int/cps/ua/natohq/official_texts_75615.htm.
- 45. Polner, Mariya. “Coordinated border management: from theory to practice.” World Customs Journal Vol. 5, No. 2 (2011): 49–64.
- 46. Rosas, Allan. “The Åland Islands as a Demilitarised and Neutralised Zone”: 23–40. In: Lauri Hannikainen and Frank Horn, eds. Autonomy and Demilitarisation in International Law. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1997.
- 47. Rosenblum, Marc R., Jerome P. Bjelopera, Kristin M. Finklea. Border Security: Understanding Threats at U.S. Borders. Congressional Research Service, 2013.
- 48. Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI). 2003 // https://www.psi-online.info/psi-info-en/-/2075520.
- 49. Shearer, Ivan. “The Development of International Law with Respect to the Law Enforcement Roles of Navies and Coast Guards in Peacetime.” U.S. Naval War College International Legal Studies 71 (1998): 429–453.
- 50. Söderhjelm, Johan Otto. Démilitarisation et neutralisation des Iles d’Aland en 1856 et 1921. Helsingfors, 1928.
- 51. Spiliopoulou Åkermark, Sia. “Åland’s Demilitarisation and Neutralisation: Continuity and Change”: 50–71. In: Sia Spiliopoulou Åkermark, ed. The Åland Example and Its Components – Relevance for International Conflict Resolution. Mariehamn: Åland Islands Peace Institute, 2011.
- 52. Spiliopoulou Åkermark, Sia. “The Puzzle of Collective Self-defence: Dangerous Fragmentation or a Window of Opportunity? An Analysis with Finland and the Åland Islands as a Case Study.” Journal of Conflict and Security Law Vol. 22, Issue 2 (2017): 249–274.
- 53. Spiliopoulou Åkermark, Sia, Saila Heinikoski, and Pirjo Kleemola-Juntunen. Demilitarisation and International Law in Context The Åland Islands. Routledge, 2018.
- 54. Swedish Government. “Report: ‘Maritim samverkan’ (Maritime Cooperation).” SOU 2012:48.
- 55. Till, Geoffrey. Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century. Routledge, 2004.
- 56. Tuchman Mathews, Jessica. “Redefining Security.” Foreign Affairs 68 (1989): 162–177.
- 57. Ullman, Richard H. “Redefining Security.” International Security 8 (1983): 129–153.
- 58. United Nations (UN). “Oceans and the law of the sea: Report of the Secretary-General.” UN General Assembly 2008, A/63/63 // https://documents-ddsny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N08/266/26/PDF/N0826626.pdf?OpenElement.
- 59. United Nations (UN). “Report: ‘The Naval Arms Race’.” Disarmament Study Series No. 16. United Nations: New York, 1986.
- 1. Additional protocol I relating to the Protection of the Victims of International Armed Conflicts, 1977.
- 2. Åland Islands’ Government ÅLR 2013/2048, 17 January 2014.
- 3. Åland Islands’ Government ÅLR 2017/5668, 2 October 2017.
- 4. Åland Islands’ Government ÅLR 2017/8729, 16 November 2017.
- 5. Åland Islands’ Government ÅLR 2018/1560, 5 March 2018.
- 6. Åland Islands’ Government K10/04/1/23, 24 January 2005.
- 7. Ålandic Statement of 24 January 2005 (K10/04/1/23).
- 8. Alexander Dory v. Federal Republic of Germany. Case C-186/01, [2003] E.C.R. I-2508 (decided March 11, 2003) // http://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=en&num=C-186/01.
- 9. Bilateral Treaty between Finland and the Soviet Union, 1940.
- 10. Constitution of Finland 731/1999.
- 11. Convention on the Demilitarisation and Neutralisation of the Åland Islands, 1921.
- 12. Convention on the demilitarisation of the Åland Islands, 1856, annexed to the Treaty of Paris.
- 13. European Union (EU): Regulation (EU) 2016/1624 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September 2016 on the European Border and Coast Guard (..) OJ L251/1 (Frontex Regulation).
- 14. Finnish Act on amendments in the Border Guard Act 9/2019 // https://www.finlex.fi/sv/laki/alkup/2019/20190009.
- 15. Finnish Act on Crime Combating by the Border Guard 108/2018 // https://www.finlex.fi/sv/laki/alkup/2018/20180108.
- 16. Finnish Act on the Administration of the Border Guard 577/2005.
- 17. Finnish Act on the Autonomy of Åland, FFS 1991/1144, ÅFS 71/1991.
- 18. Finnish Border Guard Act 5/1975.
- 19. Finnish Border Guard Act 578/2005 [Unofficial translation to English by the Finnish Ministry of the Interior] // http://www.finlex.fi/sv/laki/kaannokset/2005/en20050578.pdf.
- 20. Finnish Conscription Act 1438/2007.
- 21. Finnish Decree FFS 309/2017, ÅFS 58/2017.
- 22. Finnish Decree FFS 420/2004. ÅFS 2004/21.
- 23. Finnish Frontier Guard Act 320/1999.
- 24. Finnish Government Bill 107/2016.
- 25. Finnish Government Bill 201/2017.
- 26. Finnish Government Bill 219/2008.
- 27. Finnish Government Bill 220/2013.
- 28. Finnish Government Bill 38/2000.
- 29. Finnish Government Bill 40/2017.
- 30. Finnish Government Bill 41/2017.
- 31. Finnish Government Bill 56/2017.
- 32. Finnish Government Bill 6/2005.
- 33. Finnish Government Bill 73/1990.
- 34. Finnish Parliament RSv 148 2018 // https://www.eduskunta.fi/SV/vaski/EduskunnanVastaus/Sidor/RSv_148+2018.aspx.
- 35. Finnish Parliamentary Administration Committee, FvUB 16/2018, 20 November 2018.
- 36. Finnish Parliamentary Constitutional Law Committee GrUU 6/2018 rd, 22 March 2018.
- 37. Finnish Parliamentary Defence Committee, FsUU 3/2018 rd, 8 March 2018.
- 38. Finnish Territorial Surveillance Act (755/2000).
- 39. Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 // https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/0173-geneva-conventions-august-12-1949.
- 40. United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, UN General Assembly A/RES/55/25, 2000.
- 41. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1982.
- 42. United Nations Security Council resolution 1373(2001).
- 43. United Nations Security Council resolution 1566(2004).
- 44. United Nations Security Council resolution 1624(2005).
- 45. United Nations Security Council resolution 2178(2014).