Figure 1

Figure 2

HCA outliers in the period from 1903–2020 (in chronological order)_
| Case name and citation |
|---|
| R v Associated Northern Collieries (“Coal Vend Case”) (1911) 14 CLR 387 (22 December 1911) |
| Bank of NSW v Commonwealth (“Bank Nationalization Case”) (1948) 76 CLR 1 (11 August 1948) |
| Commonwealth v Tasmania (“Tasmanian Dam Case”) (1983) 158 CLR 1 (1 July 1983) |
| Polyukhovich v Commonwealth (“War Crimes Act Case”) (1991) 172 CLR 501 (14 August 1991) |
| Mabo v Queensland [No 2] (1992) 175 CLR 1 (3 June 1992) |
| The Wik Peoples v Queensland (“Pastoral Leases Case”) (1996) 187 CLR 1 (23 December 1996) |
| Western Australia v Ward (2002) 213 CLR 1 (8 August 2002) |
| New South Wales v Commonwealth (“Work Choices Case”) (2006) 229 CLR 1 (14 November 2006) |
| Thomas v Mowbray (“Jihad Jack Case”) (2007) 233 CLR 307 (2 August 2007) |
| Pape v Commissioner of Taxation (2009) 238 CLR 1 (7 July 2009) |
| Momcilovic v the Queen (2011) 245 CLR 1 (8 September 2011) |
| Williams v Commonwealth [No1] (“School Chaplains Case”) (2012) 248 CLR 156 (20 June 2012) |
Main sources of outlier complexity_
| Source of Complexity and Cases Where it Appears |
|---|
|