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Upper trunk flexion versus whole trunk elevation in semi-Fowler’s position: Effects on ventilation and heart rate responses Cover

Upper trunk flexion versus whole trunk elevation in semi-Fowler’s position: Effects on ventilation and heart rate responses

Open Access
|May 2026

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Bed positions for each condition. SPIN: Supine. UT30: Lower and upper trunk inclined at 0 and 30°. Segments were subdivided based on the spinous process of the 10th thoracic vertebra. WT30: Lower and upper trunk inclined at 30°

Respiratory function values and RR interval (heart rate) in all positions

Estimated marginal means (95% confidence intervals)(p-value Cohen’s d)
SPINUT30WT30SPIN vs UT30SPIN vs WT30UT30 vs WT30
Tidal volume (mL)318.34 [251.26–385.42]397.06 [329.98–464.14]412.46 [345.37–479.54]0.0002 [1.77]<0.0001 [2.11]ns
Minute ventilation (L/min)4.61 [3.69–5.53]5.5 [4.58–6.42]5.79 [4.87–6.71]0.0002 [1.81]<0.0001 [2.39]ns
Respiratory rate (times/min)14.91 [13.68–16.13]14.33 [13.11–15.55]14.74 [13.52–15.97]nsnsns
RR interval (s)0.929 [0.884–0.975]0.908 [0.863–0.954]0.9 [0.854–0.945]ns0.0384 [0.99]ns
Heart rate (bpm)64.6 [61.4–67.7]66.1 [62.7–69.4]66.7 [63.3–70.1]
Language: English
Page range: 163 - 170
Submitted on: Jan 6, 2026
Accepted on: Apr 14, 2026
Published on: May 7, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2026 Sayuki Miyashita, Satoshi Kubota, Takuya Furudate, published by University of Physical Education in Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.