The long-term impact of COVID-19 on the physical activity, motor fitness, and maximum heart rate values of female university students

Robert Podstawski; Krzysztof Borysławski; Jadwiga Snarska; Attila Szabo; Piotr Jurewicz; Ferenc Ihasz

doi:10.2478/bhk-2026-0007

Figures & Tables

Descriptive statistics of the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of the study population

Characteristic	Group*						Difference
	G₁ (n = 40)		G₂ (n = 29)		G₃ (n = 13)		Difference
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	F	p	Cohen’s f
	PA and anthropometric characteristics
PA (METs/min/week)	2085.13^2.3	312.13	1439.66^1.3	293.33	769.62^1.2	152.51	115.26	<0.001	1.7082
Body height (cm)	167.44	5.15	167.43	5.96	170.54	8.09	2.11	ns	0.2311
Body mass (kg)	59.99³	5.56	63.16³	9.47	87.65^1.2	18.01	37.93	<0.001	0.9799
TBW (kg)	32.17³	3.47	32.97³	3.50	37.28^1.2	5.49	8.76	<0.001	0.4709
Proteins (kg)	8.65³	0.96	8.83³	0.94	9.98^1.2	1.51	7.97	<0.001	0.4492
Minerals (kg)	3.14³	0.34	3.25³	0.41	3.77^1.2	0.65	10.59	<0.001	0.5178
BFM (kg)	16.02³	3.50	18.10³	6.09	36.61^1.2	11.90	53.15	<0.001	1.16
FFM (kg)	43.97³	4.75	45.06³	4.84	51.05^1.2	7.64	8.83	<0.001	0.4728
SMM (kg)	24.07³	2.87	24.69³	2.83	28.18^1.2	4.55	8.35	<0.001	0.4598
BMI (kg/m²)	21.37³	1.92	22.48³	2.76	30.06^1.2	5.60	17.69	<0.001	0.6692
BFM (%)	26.56³	4.27	27.98³	6.66	40.23^1.2	9.89	24.07	<0.001	0.7806
In body score	74.53³	4.55	72.66³	3.89	60.46^1.2	7.24	42.16	<0.001	1.0331
Target weight (kg)	61.07³	4.21	61.24³	4.78	67.62^1.2	8.25	8.47	<0.001	0.4631
Weight control (kg)	1.09³	4.56	−1.92³	6.79	−20.03^1.2	13.15	42.21	<0.001	1.0337
BFM control (kg)	−2.04³	3.36	−4.04³	5.71	−21.05^1.2	11.08	51.48	<0.001	1.1416
FFM control (kg)	3.13³	2.62	2.11	1.93	1.02¹	2.48	4.26	0.018	0.3284
BMR (Kcal)	1319.80³	102.59	1343.35³	104.61	1472.46^1.2	164.82	8.80	<0.001	0.472
WHR	0.85³	0.04	0.85³	0.05	0.97^1.2	0.10	26.76	<0.001	0.8231
VFL	6.13³	1.68	7.24³	3.09	17.15^1.2	5.73	63.53	<0.001	1.2682
	Physiological characteristics
Distance (m)	2226.95^2.3	184.33	1928.69^1.3	73.40	1774.92^1.2	74.41	68.19	<0.001	1.3139
Power (W)	84.10^2.3	20.39	54.10¹	6.27	42.08¹	5.25	55.06	<0.001	1.1806
Energy expenditure (Kcal)	116.73^2.3	13.90	95.38¹	4.39	87.31¹	4.27	58.25	<0.001	1.2172
S/M (strokes/min)	26.85^2.3	4.63	24.93¹	2.56	24.08¹	3.25	3.59	0.032	0.3015
Pace per 500 m (s)	156.93^2.3	18.59	186.52¹	7.15	199.23¹	17.82	51.66	<0.001	1.1436
HR_avg (bpm)	157.85³	19.45	150.79	13.86	139.31¹	22.38	5.27	0.007	0.3653
HR_max (bpm)	175.35³	17.35	168.24	17.72	160.77¹	19.58	3.75	0.028	0.3081
	Intensity of effort [s]
Zone 1: < 90 (bpm)	41.58	96.17	11.52³	16.39	132.15²	218.89	5.52	0.006	0.3738
Zone 2: 90 – 108 (bpm)	85.20	108.83	162.28	216.06	149.85	160.61	2.11	ns	0.2311
Zone 3: 108 – 124 (bpm)	183.25	157.48	231.76	209.95	216.31	178.68	0.63	ns	0.1263
Zone 4: 125 – 143 (bpm)	218.23	178.93	185.72	182.59	154.08	158.03	0.73	ns	0.1359
Zone 5: 144 – 162 (bpm)	169.05	202.22	118.76	181.86	62.08	117.33	1.18	ns	0.1728
Zone 6: > 162 (bmp)	22.70	40.73	9.97	13.49	5.54	12.65	2.34	ns	0.2434

The long-term impact of COVID-19 on the physical activity, motor fitness, and maximum heart rate values of female university students

Figures & Tables

Descriptive statistics of the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of the study population

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